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Anatomy > Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

four types of tissue

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

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3
Q

general epithelial tissue description

A

-covers exposed surfaces
-lines internal passways
-forms glands

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4
Q

general connective tissue description

A

-fills internal spaces
-support other tissues
-transport materils
-stores energy

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5
Q

general muscle tissue description

A

-specialized for contraction
-skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and muscular walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels

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6
Q

general nervous tissue tissue description

A

-carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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7
Q

epithelia

A

-layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

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8
Q

glands

A

strucutre that produce fluid secretions

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9
Q

what does epithelial tissue include

A

-epithelia
-glands

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10
Q

4 general functions of epithelial tissue

A

-provide physical protection
-control permeability
-provide sensation
-produce specialized secretions

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11
Q

characteristics of epithelia

A

-polarity
-cellularity
-attachment
-avascularity
-regeneration

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12
Q

simple squamous epithelium location and function

A

-location:
- mesothelium: plueral, pericaridla and peritoneal cavity lining
- endothelia lining heart and blood vessels, kidney tubules, cornea, alevoli
-function: reduce friction, permeability, absorbtion and secretion

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13
Q

stratified squamous epithelium location and function

A

-location: skin, mouth, throat, espohagus, rectum, anus, vagina
-function: protection

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14
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium location and function

A

-location: glands, ducts, kidney, thyroid
-function: limited protetion, secretion, absorbtion

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15
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium location and function

A

-location: lining of some ducts (rare)
-functions: protection, secretion, absorbtion

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16
Q

transitional epithelium location and function

A

-location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis and ureters
-functions: permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage

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17
Q

simple columnar epithelium location and function

A

location: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubed and collecting ducts of kidneys
functions: protection, secretion and absorbtion

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18
Q

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location and function

A

-location: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract
-function: protection, secretion, move mucous with cilia

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19
Q

stratified columnar epithelium location and function

A

locations: small areas of the pharynz, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts and urethra
-function: protection

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20
Q

two types of glands

A

-endocrine
-exocrine

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21
Q

endocrine glands

A

-release hormones that enter bloodstream
-no ducts

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22
Q

exocrine glands

A

-produce exocrine secretions
-discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

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23
Q

example of unicellular glands

A

-goblet cells
-secrete mucin which mixes with water to form mucus

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24
Q

3 classifications of multicellular exocrine glands

A

-structure of the duct
-shape of the secretory portion of the gland
-relationship between ducts and glandular areas

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25
Q

5 types of simple glands

A

-simple tubular
-simple coiled tubular
-simple branched tubular
-simple alveolar
-simple branched alveolar

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26
Q

compound glands

A

-compound tubular
-compound alveolar
-compound tubulo-alveolar

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27
Q

3 types of secretions produced by exocrine glands

A

-serous glands
-mucous glands
-mixed exocrine glands

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28
Q

3 components of connective tissues

A

-specialized cells
-extracellular protein fibres
-fluid (ground substance)

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29
Q

matrix

A

-part of connective tissue
-consists of extracellular components of connective tissue
-majority of tissue volume
-determines specialized functions

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30
Q

6 functions of connective tissue

A

-establishing a structural framework for the body
-transporting fluids and dissolved materials
-protecting delicate organs
-supporting, surrounding and interconnecting other types of tissue
-storing energy reserves, especially triglycerides
-defending body against microorganisms

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31
Q

3 categories of connective tissue

A

-connective tissue proper (conenct and protect)
-fluid connective tissue (transport)
-supporting connective tissue (structural strength)

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32
Q

categories of connective tissue proper

A

-loose connective tissue (more ground substance, fewer fibres)
-dense connective tissue (more fibres, less ground substance)

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33
Q

9 types of cells of connective tissue proper

A

-fibroblasts
-fibrocytes
-adipocytes
-mesenchymal cells
-melanocytes
-mast cells
-lymphocytes
-microphages

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34
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibres

A

-collagen fibres
-reticular fibres
-elastic fibres

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35
Q

collagen fibres

A

-most common in CTP
-long straight unbranched
-strong and flexible
-resist force in one direction
-abundant in tendons and ligaments

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36
Q

reticular fibres

A

-form stroma
-stong and flexible
-resist forces in many directions
-stabalize functional cells
-example: sheaths around organs

37
Q

elastic fibres

A

-contain elastin
-branched and wavy
-return to original length after stretching
-example is elastic ligaments of vertebrae

38
Q

ground substance

A

-clear colourless, viscous
-fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement

39
Q

loose connective tissues

A

-packing materials
-fills spaces between organs, cushions cells and supports epithelia

40
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue in adults

A

-areolar tissue
-adiposee tissue
-reticular tissue

41
Q

areolar tissue

A

-least specialized
-open framework
-viscous ground substance
-elastic fibres make it resilient, can distort without damage
-hold capillary beds

42
Q

location of areolar tissue

A

-within and deep to the demis of the skin
-epithelial lining of digestive respiratory and urinary tracts
-between muscles
-around joints blood vessels and nerves

43
Q

function of areolar tissue

A

-cushions organs
-provides support but permits indepedent movement
-phagocytotic cells provide defense against pathogens

44
Q

adipose tissue

A

-contain many adipocytes
-may be removed temporaily
-adipocytes dont divide mesenchymal cells dvide and differentiate

45
Q

white fat

A

-most common
-stores fat and absorbs shock
-slows heat loss

46
Q

brown fat

A

-found in babies and young children
-more vascularized
-adipocytes have mitochondria
-breakdown of lipids releases energy and warms body

47
Q

location and function of adipose tissue

A

-deep to skin
-provides padding and cushions, shocks insulates and stores energy

48
Q

retircular tissue

A

-provides support
-reticular fibres form a complex 3D stroma
-support functional cells of organs
-found in liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

49
Q

reticular tissue location and function

A

-liver, kidney speen, lumph nodes and bone marrow
-provides support and framework

50
Q

dense connective tissue

A

-AKA collagenous tissues
-contain many collagen fibres

51
Q

3 types of dense connective tissue

A

-dense regular
-dense irregular
-elastic

52
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

-tightly packed, parallel collagen fibres
-tendons (muscle to bone)
-ligaments (bone to bone)
-apeoneuroses (sheets that attach broad flat muscle to another strcutre)

53
Q

dense regular connective tissue location and function

A

-between skeletal muscle and skeleton
-between bones or stabalizing positions
-functions: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reudces fricition between muscles, stabalizes position of bones)

54
Q

dense irregular conenctive tissue

A

-interwoven network of collagen fibres
-forms sheatha round cartilages and bones (periosteum)
-forms capsules around some organs

55
Q

dense iiregular connective tissue location and function

A

-location: capsule of visceral organs, periostea, perichondria, nerve muscles sheaths, demis
-functions: provides strength to resist forces from many directions, help preent overexpansion or organs such as bladder

56
Q

elastic tissue is made of

A

elastic fibres

57
Q

elastic tissue location and function

A

-between vertrbae of spinal colum
-stabalized positions of vertbrae and penis, cushions shocks, permits expansion and contraction of organs

58
Q

fasciae

A

-connective tissue layers and wrapping that support and surround organs

59
Q

three layers of fasciae and there functions

A

-superficial fascia (seperates skin from underlying tissues)
-deep fascia (sheets of dense regular connective tissue)
-subserous fasciae (lies between deep fascia and serous membrans that line body cavity)

60
Q

blood and lymph

A

fluid connective tissue

61
Q

blood

A

-contains plasma
-contains formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

62
Q

lymph

A

-forms as interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
-montirored by immune system
-return to veins near the heart

63
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

-cartilage and bone

64
Q

cartilage

A

-provides shock absorbtion and protection
-matrix is a firm gel that contain chondroitin sulfates
-cells in matrix are chondrocytes

65
Q

cartilage structure

A

-avascular (antiangiogenesis factor)
-perichornium (outer fibroud layer for support and protection, inner cellular layer for grwoth and maintanence)

66
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline, elastic fibrocartilage

67
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

-most common type
-tough and somewhat flexible
-reduce friction between bones
-found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum and trachea

68
Q

elastic cartilage

A

-supportive but bends easily
-dound in external ear and epiglottis

69
Q

fibrocartilage

A

-very durable and tough
-limit movement
-prevent bone to bone contact
0dound around joint, between pubic bones and between spinal vertebrae

70
Q

bone

A

-osseous tissue
-weight support
calcified
-resist shattering
-osteocytes lie in lacunae
-periosteum covers bone

71
Q

tissue membranes function

A

-physical barriers
-line or cover body surfaces
-consist of an epithelium supported by connective tissue

72
Q

4 types of tissue membranes

A

-mucous membranes
-serous membranes
-cutaenous membrane
-synovial membrane

73
Q

mucous membrane

A

-lines passageways that have external connections
-in digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts
-epithelial surfaces must be most to reduce friction and to faciliate absorbtion or secretion

74
Q

serous membrane

A

-line cavities that do not open to the outside
-thin but strong
-parietal portion lines inner surface of cavity
-visceral portion (seros) covers organs
-serous fluid reduces friction

75
Q

3 types of serous membranes

A

-peritoneum
-pluera
-pericardium

76
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

-skin that covers body
-thick, relativeky waterproof and usually dry
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

synovial membranes

A

-line synovial joing cavities
-movement stimulates production of synovial fluid for lubrication
-lack a true epithelium

78
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

79
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • found in walls of hollow contracting organs
    -cells are small and spindle shaped
    -non striated involuntary muscle
80
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found in heart
-cells form branching netwrks connected at intercakated discs
-regulated by pacemaker cells
-striated involuntary muscle

81
Q

skeletal muscle

A

-large muscles responsible for body movement
-long thin muscle fibres
-striated voluntary muscle

82
Q

nervous tissue

A

-specialized for conducting electrical impulses
-concentrated in the brain and spinal cord

83
Q

types of cells in nervous tissue

A

-nuerons (longest cell in the body)
-neuroglia

84
Q

parts of nueron

A

-cell body (nucelus and nucleolus)
-dendritis (short branches extending from the cell body, receive incoming signals)
-axon (long thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to destination)e

85
Q

ability of tissue to regenrate

A

-epithelia and connective tissue (not cartilage) regenerate well
-skeletal and cardiac muscle and nervous tissue regenerate poorly
-damaged cardiac muscle is replaces by fibrous tissue through fibrosis

86
Q

aging and tissue strcuture

A

-speed and effectiveness of tissue regenration decrease with age due to slowing of repair and maintanence activities, hormonal alterations, reduced physical activity

87
Q

effects of aging

A

-chemical and structural changes
-thinner epithelia
-fragile connective tissue
-increased bruising
-brittle bones
-CVD
-mental deterioration

88
Q

aging and cancer incidence

A

-cancer rates increase with age
-most caused by chemical exposure or environemntal factors

Anatomy (10 decks)

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