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Anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

classifications of muscles based on patterns of fascicle arrangment

A

parallel, convergent, pennate, muscles, circular

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2
Q

parallel muscles

A

-fascicles are paralell to long axis of the muscle
-some flat
-cyclindrical muscles have central body (belly)
tension developed during a contraction cepends on total number of myofibrils
-example - biceps brachii, rectus abdominus, wrapping muscle

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3
Q

convergent muscle

A

muscle fibres spread like fan and converge on an attachment site
-pectoralis muscle
-muscle may pull on tendon, aponeurosis, raphe
-fibres pull in different directions depending on activity

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4
Q

pennate muscle

A

-muscle fibres pull at an angle relative to tendon
-compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles do not move their tendons as far, contain more myofibrils, develop more tension

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5
Q

types of pennate muscles

A

-unipennate (all fascicles on same side of tendon - extensor digitorum)
-bipennate (fascicles on both sides of central tendon - rectus femorus)
-multipennate (tendon branches within muscle - deltoid)

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6
Q

circular muscle

A

-act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts
-surround body openings and hollow organs
-contraction make diameter smaller
-example: orbicularis oris of mouth

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7
Q

levers of muscle

A

-each bone acts as a lever
-moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when muscles provide applied force to overcome the load
-each joint in a fulcrum

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8
Q

what can levers change

A

-direction of applied force
-distance and speed produced by AF
-effective strength of AF

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9
Q

three classes of levers

A

-first second and third class

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10
Q

first class lever

A

-fulcrum lies between applied force and load
-like a pry bar or crowbar
-ex: extension of the neck and lifting the head

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11
Q

second class lever

A

-load lies between applied force and fulcrum
-wheelbarrow
-small force moves a large weigth
-ex: ankle extension by calf muscles

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12
Q

third class lever

A

-applied force is between load and fulcrum
-most common in body
-maximizes speed and distance traveled at expense of effective force

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13
Q

origin

A

-fixed point of attachment of a muscle to bone
-usually proximal to insertion

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14
Q

insertion

A

-moveable point of attachment

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15
Q

muscle interactions

A

-muscles owrk in groups to maximize effiency
-smaller muscles reach maximum tension first followed by larger primary muscles

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16
Q

four terms to refer to how muscles work together

A

-agonist
-antagonist
-synergist
-fixator

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17
Q

agonist

A

-prime mover
-mostly responaible for producing particular movement

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18
Q

antagonist

A

opposes movement of a particular agonist

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19
Q

synergist

A

smaller muscle that assist a larger agonistf

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20
Q

fixator

A

a synergist that assist an agonist by preventing movement ay another point

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21
Q

muscle oppostiion

A

-agonists and antagonists work in pairs
-when one contracts the other stretches
-flexors - extensors
-abductors - adductors

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22
Q

naming skeletal muscles incorporates

A

-region of the body
-position, direction, or fascicle arrangment
-structural characteristics
-action

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23
Q

terms indicating specific regions of the body just ones you dont know

A

-
-ancon (elbow)
-auricular (ear)
-brachial (arm)
-capitis (head)
-cervicus (neck)
-hallux (great toe
-ilium and inguinal (groin)
-nasalis
-nuchal (back of neck)
-oris (mouth)
-palpebra (eyelid)
-pollex (thumb)
-psoas (loin)

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24
Q

externus

A

-muscle visible at body surface

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25
Q

internus

A

deeper muscle

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26
Q

extrinsic

A

-position or stabalize an organ

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27
Q

intrinsic

A

-located entirely within an organ

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28
Q

transversus

A

-run across the long axis of the body

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29
Q

oblique

A

-run at a slant to long axis

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30
Q

rectus

A

run along long axis

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31
Q

profundus

A

deep

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32
Q

naming based on structural characteritsics

A

-origin and insertion
-shape and size
-nature of origin

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33
Q

origin and insertion

A

-first part of name indicates origin
-second part indicates insertion
-number of tendons (ie biceps brachii)

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34
Q

shape and size

A

-trapezius, deltoid, rhonboud
-many terms refer to muscle size

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35
Q

nature of origin

A

-biceps
-triceps
-quadriceps

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36
Q

shapes

A

-deltoid - triangle
-orbicularis (circle)
-pectinate (comblike)
-piriforms (pear shaped)
-platylsma (flat plate)
pyramidal(pyramid)
-rhomboid (parallelogram)
-serratus (serrated)
-splenius (bandage)
-teres (round and long)
-trapezius (trapezoid)

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37
Q

other striking features that contribute to muscle names

A

-alba (white)
-brevis (short)
-gracilis (slender)
-latae (wide)
-latissimus (widest)
-longissiumus (longest)
-longus (long)
-magnus (large)
-major (larger)
-maximus (largest)
-minimus (smallest)
-minor (smaller)
-vastus (great)

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38
Q

terms indicating general actions

A

-abductor
-adductor
-depressor (lower)
-extensor (straightening)
-flexor (bending)
-levatator (raising)
-pronator (turining to prone)
-supinator (turning into supine)
-tensor (tensing movement)

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39
Q

buccinator

A

trumpeter

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40
Q

risourius

A

-laugher

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41
Q

sartorius

A

like a tailor

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42
Q

major functions of axial muscles

A

-form pelvic floor
-move rib cage
-position head and vertebral column

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43
Q

appendicular muscles major function

A

-move and support pectoral girdles and limbs

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44
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

-originates at the sternum and clavicle and inserts to the mastoid

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45
Q

axial muscles grouped based on location and function

A

-muscles of the head and neck
-muscles of the vertebral column
-olbique and rectus muscles
-muscles of the pelvic floor

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46
Q

muscles of facial expression originate where

A

-on skull

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47
Q

muscles of mastication

A

move mandible

48
Q

mucles of the tongue

A

-names end in glossus

49
Q

muscles of the pharynx

A

-begin swallowing process

50
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

control position of the eyes

51
Q

muscles of the anterior neck

A

control position of larynx
-depress mandible and tense floor of the mouth
-support muscles of tongue and pharynx

52
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

-orbicularis oris - constricts the mouth opening
-buccinator - moves food across the teeth and suction for nursing

53
Q

muscles of the epicranium

A

-temporoparitealis
-occipitofronatilis
-platysma (covers anterior surface of the neck)

54
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

-inferior rectus
-medial rectus
-superior rectus
-lateral rectus
-inferior oblique
-superior oblique

55
Q

muscles of the eye photo

A
56
Q

muscles of mastication

A

-masseter (strongest jaw muscle)
-temporalis (helps elevate the mandible)
-pterygoid muscle (elevate, depress, and protect, slide mandible from side to side)

57
Q

muscles of tongue

A

-all names for origin and isnertion
-palatoglossus
-styloglossus
-genoglossus
-hyoglossus

58
Q

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

move food into espohagus

59
Q

palatal muscles

A

-elevate the soft palate and adjacent portions
-pull open entrance to auditory tube

60
Q

laryngeal elevators

A

-raise the larynx

61
Q

muscles of the anterior neck (important ones )

A

-sternocleidomastoid (turns head oblqiuely)
-stylohyloid
-omohyoid

62
Q

Muscles of the vertebral column

A

erector spinae which have superficial and deep layer
-spinal flexors

63
Q

spinal flexors

A

-longus capitus and longus colli that rotate and flex the neck
-quadratus lumborum which flexes vertebral column and depresses ribs

64
Q

oblique and rectus muscles (axial muscles)

A

lie within body wall
-oblique muscles compress underlying structures and rotate vertebral colunn
-rectus muscles flex vertebral column and oppose erector spinae

65
Q

scalene muscles

A

-cervical region
flex the neck and elevate the ribs

66
Q

external and internal intercostal muscles

A

-aid in breathing movements of the ribs
-transversus thoracics crosses posterior surface of the sternum

67
Q

oblique muscles

A

-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transverse abdominis

68
Q

rectus abdominus

A

-between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis
-divided longitudinally by linea alba
-divided transversley by tendinous inscriptions

69
Q

the diaphragm

A

-divides thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
-major muscles used in breathing

70
Q

superior view of diaphragm

A
71
Q

transverse section through the abdominal cavity

A
72
Q

function of muscles of the pelvic floor

A

-support organs of pelvic cavity
-flex sacrum and coccyx
-control movement of materials through the urethra and anus

73
Q

muscles of the pelvic floor

A

-perinueum
0pelvic diaprhagm

74
Q

perineum

A

-divided by ischial tuberosities into anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal triangle

75
Q

pelvic diaphragm

A

-form muscular foundation of anal triangle
-extends to pubic symphysis

76
Q

urogeneital and pelvic diaphragms

A

-do not completely clos pelvic outlet
-urethra, anus, vagina, muscles, nerves and blood vessels pass through
-sphincyers permit voluntary control of urination and defecation

77
Q

urogenital triangle

A
78
Q

anal triangle

A
79
Q

appendicular muscles function

A

position and stablize pectoral and pelvic girdles
-move upper and lower limbs
-two groups: muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs, and muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs

80
Q

four groups of the muscles and the upper limbs

A

-muscles that position the pelvic girdle
-muscles that move the arm
-muscles that move the forearm and hand
-muscles that move the fingers

81
Q

trapezius

A

-position the pectoral girdle
-large and superficial
-covers back and neck
-extends to base of skull
-originates on midline of neck and back
-inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

82
Q

serratus anterior

A

-position the pectoral girdle
-fan shaped muscle on chest
-originates along ribs
-inserts on anterior margin of scapula

83
Q

subclavius

A

-position the pectoral girdle
-inserts on clavicle

84
Q

pectoralis minor

A

-positions the pectoral girdle
-orininates in ribs
-attache to coracoid proces of scapula

85
Q

Muscles yhst position the pectoral girdle

A

-rhomboid major, rhomoid minor, levatstor scapulae
-deep to trapezius, attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae, insert on vertebral border of each scapula

86
Q

muscles that move the arm

A

-deltoid
-supraspinatus
-subscapularis (rotator cuff) and teres major
-infraspinatus and teres minor
-coracobrachialis
-pectoralis major
-latissimus dorsi

87
Q

rotator cuff

A

-muscles involved in shoulder rotation
-supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis and their tendons

88
Q

muscles that move the forearm and the hand originate where

A

-most originate on humerus and isnert on forearm and weist
-biceps brachii and long head of triceps brachii originate on scapula

89
Q

extensors of the forearm and hand

A

-mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm

90
Q

flexors of the forearm and hand

A

-mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

91
Q

triceps brachii

A

-extensors of the elbow
-long head originates on scapula
-inserts on olecranon of ulna

92
Q

biceps brachii

A

flexors of the elbow
-flexes the elbow and supinates forearm
-stabalizes shoulder joint
-originates on scapula
-inserts on radial tuberosity of radius

93
Q

brachialia and brachioradialis

A

-flexor of the elbow
-flex the elbow

94
Q

muscles involved in supination and pronation

A

-supinator and pronator teres (originates on humerus and ulna)
-pronator quadratus (originates on ulna)

95
Q

flexors of the wrist

A

-flexor carpi ulnaris
-flexor carpi radialis
-palmaris longus

96
Q

extensors of the wrist

A

-extensor carpi radialis
-extensor carpi ulnaris

97
Q

tendon of forearm muscles

A

-extensive retinaculum
-flexor retinculum

98
Q

extrinsic muscles of the hand

A

lie in forearm
-only tendons cross wrist
-provide strength and gross movement of hand and fingers

99
Q

intrinsic muscles of the fingers

A

-originals on carpal and metacarpal bone
-no muscles originate on phalanges
-only tendons extend across distal joints of finger
-provide fine motor movment of the hand

100
Q

three functional groups of muscles in the lower limbs

A

-muscles that move the thigh
-muscles that move the leg
-muscles that move foot and toes

101
Q

muscles that move the thigh

A

-gluteal
-lateral rotators
-adductors
-iliopsoas

102
Q

gluteus maximus

A

-largest most posterior gluteal
-produces extension and lateral rotation at hip

103
Q

tensor fasciae latae

A

-gluteal muscle
-works with gluteus maximus
-to pull on iliotibial tract of lateral surface of thigh

104
Q

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

-originate anterior to gluteus maximus
-insert on great trochanter of femur

105
Q

lateral rotators

A

-group of 6 muscles including dominant piriformis and obturator

106
Q

adductor group

A

-pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus and gracilis
-adductor magnus -

107
Q

iliopsoas

A

-psoas major
-iliacus
-hip flexors that insert on the same tendon

108
Q

flexor of the knee

A

-most originate on edges of pelvis
-insert on tubua and fibula
-hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), sartorius, popliteus

109
Q

knee extensors

A

-most originate on shaft of femur
-insert on the patella
-quadriceps femoris (three vastus muscles and rectus femoris)

110
Q

extrinsic muscles that produce plantar flexion

A

-gastrocnemius
-soleus
-fibularis muscles
-tibialis posterior
-calcaneal tendon

111
Q

extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at the ankle

A

-tibialis anterior

112
Q

extrinisc muscles that produce extension at the toes

A

-extensor digitorum longus
-extensor hallucis longus

113
Q

extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at toes

A

-flexor digitorum longus
-flexor hallucis longus

114
Q

intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

-originate on tarsal and metatarsal bones
-move toes and maintain longitudinal arch of the foot

115
Q

systems that the muscular system is supported by

A

-cardiovasicular system - deliver oxygen and nutrients
-respiratory - responds to oxygen deman
-integumentary-disperses heat
-nervous - direct responses of all systems

Anatomy (23 decks)

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