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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of intercellular communication

A

-direct communication
-paracrine communication
-autocrine communication
-endocrine communication
-synaptic communication

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2
Q

direct communication

A

-exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions
-occur between two cells of the same type
-highly specialized and relatively rare

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3
Q

paracrine communication

A

-chemical signals transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue

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4
Q

autocrine communication

A

-messages affect the same cells that secrete them
-chemicals involved are autocrines

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5
Q

endocrine communication

A

-endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) that are transported in the bloodstream
-alter metabolic activities of many organs

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6
Q

hormones

A

-changes types, qantities or activities of enzymes and structural proteins target cells
-can alter meetabolic acttivies of multiple tissues and organs at the same time
-affect long term processes like growth and development

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7
Q

synaptic communication

A

-nuerons release NT at synapse
-leads to action potentials that are propagated along axons
-allows for high speed messages to reach specific destinations
-ideal for crisis managment

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8
Q

similarities of endocrine and nervous systems

A

-rely on release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on target cells
-share many chemical messengers
-are regulated mainly by negative feedback
-function to preserve homeostasis by coordination and regulating activities

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9
Q

endocrine system

A

-includes all endocrine cells and tissues that produce hormones or paracrine
-endocrine cells release secretions into extracellular fluid
-endocrine organs are scattered throughout the body

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10
Q

hypothalamus produces

A

ADH and OCT and regulatory hormones

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11
Q

anterior pituitary releases

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH

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12
Q

posterior lobe releases

A

-oxytocin and ADH

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13
Q

adrenal medulla releases

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

adrenal cortex releases

A

cortisol, coricosterone, cortisone, aldosterone, androgens

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15
Q

pancreas releases

A

insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

heart - secondary endocrine function

A

-ANP and BNP

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17
Q

thymus - secondary endocrine function

A

-thymosins

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18
Q

adipose tissue - secondary endocrine function

A

-leptin

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19
Q

digestive tract - secondary endocrine function

A

-secretes numerous hormones

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20
Q

kidneys - secondary endocrine function

A

-EPO
-calcitrol

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21
Q

gonads/testes - secondary endocrine function

A

-andorgens and inhibin

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22
Q

ovaries - secondary endocrine function

A

-estorgens, progesterone, inhibin

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23
Q

classes of hormones

A

-AA derivatives
-peptide
-lipid derivatives

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24
Q

free hormones are inactivated when they

A

-diffuse out of bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells
-are absorbed and broken donwn by liver or kidneys
-are broken down by enzymes in blood or interstitial fluids

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25
Q

thyroid and steroid hormones transport and inactivation

A

-remain functional much longer
-more than 99% become attached to special transport portiens in blood
-equilibirum state exists between free and bound forms
-bloodstream contains a substantial reserve of bound hormones

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26
Q

pituitary gland

A

-lies within sella turcica
0hangs inferior to hypothalamus -connected by infundibulum
-releases nine important peptide hormones

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27
Q

hypothalamus

A

-regulates functions of pituitary gland
-synthesizes ADH and OXT and transports them to posterio rpituitary gland for release
-secretes regulatory hormones that control secretory activity of AP
-contains autonomc centers that exert direct control over adrenal medulla

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28
Q

anterior lobe pituitary three regions

A

-pars distalis
-pars tuberalis
-pars intermedia

29
Q

median eminence

A

-swelling near attachment of infundibulum
-where hypothalamic nuerons release regulatory hormones into interstitial fluids
-hormones then enter bloodstream through fenestrates capillaries

30
Q

portal vessels

A

-blood vessels that link two capillary networks
-entire complex is a portal system

31
Q

-hypophyseal portal system

A

ensures regulatory hormones reach cells in anterior pitutary before entering general circulation

32
Q

hypothalamic control of anterior lobe

A

-releasing and inhibiting hormones
-rate of secretion is controlled by negative feedback

33
Q

hormones of anterior lobe

A

-TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH, Gonadotropins

34
Q

gonadotropins

A

-FSH, LH, GnRH,

35
Q

hypogonadism

A

-caused by low production of gonadotropins

36
Q

pars intermedia

A

secretes MSH
-virtually non functional excpet in pregnqnt women and those with certain diseases

37
Q

oxytocin

A

-contractions of uterus during labour
-promotes ejection of milk after delievry

38
Q

pituitary hormones and their targets photo

A
39
Q

thyroid gland

A

-lies inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
-consists or two lobes connected by isthmus

40
Q

thyroid follicles

A

-hollow spheres lines by cuboidal epithelium
-surrounded by capillaries
-cells absorb idoide ions from blood
-follicle cavities contain viscous colloid

41
Q

adrenal glands

A

-lie along top of kidney
0

42
Q

superficial adrenal cortex

A

-stores lipids especially cholesterol and fatty acids

43
Q

inner adrenal medulla

A

-secretory activities controlled by SNS
-produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

three zones of adrenal cortex

A

-outer zona glomerulosa
-middle zona fasiculata
-inner zona reticularis

45
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

-produces mineral corticoids and aldosterone

46
Q

alosterone

A

-stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions
-increases sensitivity to salt receptors in taste buds
-secretetd in response to drop in blood Na, blood volume or blood pressure and rise in potassium concentration

47
Q

zona fasciculata

A

-produces glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
-secretion is regulated by netgative feedback
-glucocorticosteroids have inhibitory effect on production of CRH and ACTH

48
Q

effects of glucocorticoifs

A

-accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation especially in liver
-have anti-inflammatory effects that inhibit activities of WBC and other component of immune system

49
Q

zona reticularis

A

-branching netowrk of endocrine cells
-forms narrow band bordering each medulla
-proudces small quantities of androgens udner stimulation by ACTH

50
Q

pineal gland

A

-contains pinealocytes
-lies in posterior portionof roof of third ventricle
-melatonine

51
Q

function of melatonin

A

-influence of circadian rhythms
-inhibit reporudctive function
-protect against damage by free radicals

52
Q

pancreas

A

large gland
-mostly retroperitoneal
-contains exocrine and endocrine cells
-mixed gland

53
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

-consists of clusters of gland cells called pancreatic acini and their attached ducts
-takes up roughly 99% of pancreatic volume
-gland and duct secrete alkaline enzyme rich fluid thta goes to the digestive tract

54
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

-consists of cells that form clusters known as pancreatic islets
-alpha - glucagon
-beta - insulin
-dela- peptide hormone identical to GH-IH
-pancreatic polypeptide cells produce pancreatic polypeptide

55
Q

blood glucose level increases

A

-beta cells secrete insulin stimulating trasnport of glucose into target cells

56
Q

glucose level decreases

A

-alpha cells secrete glucagon stimulating glycogen breakdown and release by liver

57
Q

insulin

A

-peptide hormone
-beta cells
-accelerate glucose uptake
-accelerate glucose use and enhance ATP production
-stimulating lgycogen formation
-stimulating AA absorption and protein synthesis
-Stimulating triglyceride formation in adipocytes

58
Q

glucagon

A

-alpha cells
-mobilzes energy reserves
-stimulate breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle fibers and liver cells
-stimulating breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes
-stimulating proudction and release of glucose in liver cells

59
Q

hyperglycemia

A

-abnormally high glucose levels in blood

60
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

-high glucose that overwhelm rrabsorption capabilities of kidneys
-glucose in urine
-polyuria

61
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

-characterized by inadequate insulin production by beta cells
-daily injection of infusions of insulin
-usually children and young adults

62
Q

untreated or poorly managed diabetes can lead to

A

-jidney degenration
-retinal damage
-early heart attacks
-peripherphal nerve problems
-peripheral tissue damage due to reduced blood flow

63
Q

renin

A

released by kidneys
-renin converts angiotensingogen to angiotensin I
-in lungs, angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

64
Q

function of ANP and BNP

A

-reduces blood volume an dblood pressure when blood volume becomes excesisve
-actions opoose those of angiotensin II

65
Q

Nurse cells

A

-sertoli cells
-inhibin
-testes

66
Q

intersitial endocrine cells

A

-produce androgens
-testosteron is an important androgen

67
Q

leptin

A

-feedback control of apetitie
-maintain normal levels of GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis

68
Q

hormone changes effects

A

behaviour
-intellectual capabilities
-memories
-learning
-emotional states

69
Q

functional changes with age of hormones

A

-reproductive hormones decline in concentration
-some endocrine tissues become less responsive tos timulation

Anatomy (21 decks)

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