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Anatomy > Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels classified by histological organization

A
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2
Q

largest vessels attached to the heart

A

-aorta - carries blood from left ventricle to to systemic circulation
-pulmonary trunk - carries blood from right ventricle to to pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

arteries, arterioles and capillaries

A

-arteries - carries blood away from the heart
-arterioles - smallest branches of arteries that lead to capillary beds
-capillaries - smallest blood vessels with thin walls, location of ezchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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4
Q

venules

A

-smallest branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries

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5
Q

veins

A

-return blood to heart

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6
Q

vessel walls

A

-tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica externa

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7
Q

tunica intima

A

-inner layer
-endothelial lining
-connective tissue layer
-intenral elastic membrane (elastic fibers in outer margin)

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8
Q

tunica media

A

-concentric sheets of smooth muscle in loose connective tissue
-encircles the endothelium that lines the lumen of the blood vessels
-binds to inner and outer layers
-external elastic membrane

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9
Q

tunica externa

A

-anchors vessel to adjacent tissue
-collagen fibres, elastic fibers and smooth muscles (only in veins)
-vasa vasorum

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10
Q

vasa vasorum

A

-small arteries and veins in walls of large arteries and veins
-serve cells of tunica media and tunica externa

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11
Q

differences between artery and vein

A

artery
-round with thick wall
tunica intima
-usually rippled due to vessel constriction
-internal elastic membrane
tunica media
-thick, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
-external elastic membrane present
tunica externa
-collagen and elastic fibers
Vein
-uaully flattened or collapsed with relatively thin wall
-tunica intima
-often smooth
-internal elastic membrane is not present
tunica media
-thin dominated by smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers
-ecternal elatic membrane is absent
tunica externa
-collagen and elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

differences between arteries and veins part 2

A

-arteries have thicker walls and higher blood pressure than veins
-a constricted artery has small round lumen
-a vein has a large irregular lumen
-the endothelium of a constricted artery is folded
-arteis are more elastic than veins
-veins have valve

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13
Q

arteries contractility and elasticity

A

-elasticity allows arteries to absorb pressure waves that come with each heartbeat
-contractility
arterties chamge diameter
controlled by sympathetic division of ANS

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14
Q

vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A

-contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle

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15
Q

vasodilation and vasoconstriction affect

A

-afterload on heart
-peropheral blood pressire
-capillary blood flowf

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16
Q

from heart to capillaries arteries change from

A

-from elastic arteries
-to muscular arteries
-to arterioles

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17
Q

elastic arteries

A

-large vessels
-tunica media has many elastic fiberes and few muscle cells
-elasticity evens out pulse force

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18
Q

muscular arteries

A

-most arteries are medium sized muscular arteries
-tunica media has many muscle cells

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19
Q

arterioles

A

-small vessels
-have little or no tunica externa
-have thin or incomplete tunica media

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20
Q

aneurysm

A

-a bulge in an arterial wall
-caused by weak spot in elastic fibers
-pressure may rupture vessel

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21
Q

arteries vs beins histological

A
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22
Q

capillaries

A

-smallest vessels with thin walls
-microscopic capillary networks permeate all active tissues
-location of all exchange functions of cardiovascular system
-materials diffuse between blood and interstitial fluid

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23
Q

capillary structure

A

-endothelial tube, indise basement membrane
-no tunica media
-no tunica externa
-diameter is similar to that of RBCc

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24
Q

continous capillaries

A

-found in all tissue except epithelia and cartilage
-have complete endothelial lining
-permit diffusion of water small solutes and lipid soluble material
-block blood cells and plasma proteins
-specialized continuous capillaries in CNS and thymus have very restricted permability (restricted, BBB)

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25
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

-have pores in endothelial lining
-permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes
-found in: choroid plexus, endocrine organs, kidneys, intestinal tract

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26
Q

sinusoids/sinusoidal capillaries

A

-have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells
-permit free exchange of water and large plasma proteins
-found in: liver, spleen, bone marrow, endocrine organs
-phagocytotic cells monitor blood at sinusoids

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27
Q

photo of capillaries

A
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28
Q

capillary beds

A

-connect one arteriole and one venule

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29
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

-guards entrance to each capillary
-opens and closes causing capillary blood to flow in pulses

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30
Q

thoroghfare channels

A

-direct capillary connections between arterioles and venules

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31
Q

collaterals

A

-multiple arteries that contribute to one capillary bed
-allow circulation if one artery is blocked

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32
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

-fusion of two collateral arteries

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33
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A

-direct connections between arterioles and venules
-bypass the capillary bed

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34
Q

angiogenesis

A

-formulation of new blood vessels
-stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor
-occurs in the embryo as organs develop
-occurs in response to factors released that are hypoxic or oxygen starved
-most important in cardiac muscle inr esponse to a chronically constricted or occluded blood vessle

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35
Q

compared to arteries veins have

A

-larger diameters
-thinner walls
-lower blood pressure

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36
Q

venules

A

-very small veins
-collect blood from capillaries

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37
Q

medium sized veins

A

-thin tunica media and few smooth muscle cells
-tunica externa contains longitudinal bundles of elastic fibers

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38
Q

large veins

A

-have all three tunica layer
-thick tunica externa
-thin tunica media

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39
Q

venous valves

A

-folds of tunica intima
-prevent blood from flowing backward
-compression of veins pushes blood toward the heart
-when walls of veins near valves weaken, varicose weins or hemorrhoids may result

40
Q

cardiovasciular response to heavy exercise

A

-activate sympathetic nervous system
-cardiac output increases to maximum
-restricts blood flow to nonessential organs
-redirects blood flow to skeletal muscles, lungs and heart
-blood supply to brain is affected

41
Q

functional patterns of pulmonary and systemic circuits

A

-peripheral artery and vein is the same on right and left except near the heart
-the same vessel may have different names in different locations
-tissues and organs usually have multiple arteries and veins

42
Q

pattern of oxygenated blood flow photo

A
43
Q

pattern of deoxygenated blood flow photo

A
44
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

-deoxygenate blood arrives at heart from systemic circuit
-passes through right atrium and right ventricle
-at lungs CO2 is removed, O2 is added
-oxygenated blood is returned to the heart and distributed to systemic circuit

45
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

-carries deoxygenated blood
-pulomnary trunk branches into left and right pulmonary arteres
-pulmonary arteries branch into pulmonary arterioles
-pulmonary arterioles branch into capillary networks that surround alveoli

46
Q

pulmonary veins

A

-carry oxygenated blood
-capillary networks around alveoli join to form venules
-venules join to form pulmonary veins
-pulmonary veins empty into left atriu

47
Q

sysetmic arteries

A

-carry blood from left ventricle into ascending aorta
-coronary arteries branch from aortic sinus

48
Q

the aorta

A

-rises from left ventricle
-curves to form aortic arch
-turns downward to become descending aorta

49
Q

branches of aortic arch

A

-deliver blood to head neck shouldeers and upper limbs
-brachiocephalic trunk
-left common carotid artery
-left subclavian artery

50
Q

brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to

A

-right subclavian artery
-right common carotid artery

51
Q

subclavian arteries

A

-supply blood to arms, chest wall, shoulders, back and CNS
-gives rise to internal thoracic artery, vertebral artery, thryocervical trunk
-after leaving thoracic cavity, the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery and brachial artery distally

52
Q

schematic of arteries of upper lumb and chest

A
53
Q

the brachial artery

A

-divides at coronoid fossa of humerus into radial artery and ulnar artery and fuse at wrist to form superficial and deep palmar arches that suppy the digital arteries

54
Q

each common cartotid artery divides into

A

-external carotid artery - neck, lower jaw and face
-internal carotid - blood for brain

55
Q

internal carotid artery divides into 3 branches

A

-opthalamic artery
-anterior cerebral artery
-middle cerebral artery

56
Q

vertebral arteries

A

-supply brain with blood

57
Q

pathway of right and left vertebral arteries

A

-arise from subclavian arteries
-enter cranium through foramen magnum
-fuse to form basilart artery

58
Q

anastomes

A

-cerebral arterial circle interconnect the internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

59
Q

strokes

A

-Cerebrovascular accidents
-interruptions of vascular supply to a portion of the brain
-most commonly occur in middle cerebral artery

60
Q

thoracic aorta supplies

A

organs of the chest
-bronchial arteries
-pericardial arteries
-espohageal arteries
-mediastinal arteries
supplies the chest walll
-intercostal arteris
-superior phrenic arteries

61
Q

abdominal aorta

A

-from descending aorta
-divides at terminal segment into left common and right common iliac artery
-three unpaired branches to the visceral organs
-paired branches to body wall, kidneys, adrenal glands, gonads, and structures outside abdominopelvic cavity

62
Q

unpaired branches of abdominal aorta

A

-celiac trunk (gives rise to left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery)
-superior mesenteric artery
-inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

paired branches of abdominal aorta

A

-inferior phrenic arteries
-adrenal arteries
-renal arteries
-gonadal arteries
-lumbar arteries

64
Q

celiac trunk

A
65
Q

arteries of the pelvis and lower lumbs

A

-median sacral artery
-right and left common iliac arteries give rise to internal and external iliac artery
-external iliac artery becomes femoral arterie
-femoral artery becomes popliteal artery
-popliteral artery branches to form posterior and anterior tibial arteries

66
Q

major arteries of the trunk

A
67
Q

in neck and lumps how man sets of arteries and veins

A

-one set of arteries (deep)
-two sets of veins (one deep and one superficial)

68
Q

what controls body temp

A

venous system

69
Q

superior vena cava

A

-recieves blood from tissues and organs of head, neck, chest, shoulders, upper limbs

70
Q

dural sinuses

A

-superficial cerebral veins and small veins in the brainstem
-empty into a network of dural sinuses (superior and inferior sagital sinuses, petrosal sinuses, occipital sinuses, transverse sinuses, straight sinuses)

71
Q

major veins of head, neck and brain

A
72
Q

cerebral veins

A

-great cerebral veins drains to straight sinus
-other cerebral veins drain to cavernosus sinus
-each transverse sinus drains into sigmoidal snis

73
Q

where do vertebral veins empty into

A

-brachiocephalic ceins of chest

74
Q

superficial veins of head and neck converge to form

A

-temporal, facial and maxillary veins

75
Q

superficial arch of the hand empties into

A

-cephalic vein
-median antebrachial bein
-basilic vein
-median cubital vein

76
Q

brachial vein

A

-merges with basilic vein to become axillary vein
-cephalic vein joins axillary vein to form subclavian veina

77
Q

azygos vein and hemi-azygos vein recive blood from

A

-intercostal veins
-espohageal veins
-veins of other m edistinual structures

78
Q

flow chart of venous circulation

A
79
Q

inferior vena cava

A

-collects blood from organs inferior to diaphragm

80
Q

flow chart of inferior vena cava

A
81
Q

lower extremity veins

A
82
Q

major tributaries of abdominal inferior vena cava

A

-lumbar veins
-gonadal veins
-hepatic veins
-renal veins
-adrenal veins
-phrenic veins

83
Q

hepatic portal system

A

-connects two capillary beds
-delivers nutrient laden blood from capillaries of digestive organs to liver for processing
-after processing in liver sinusoids blood collects in hepatic veins and empties into inferior vena cava

84
Q

tributaries of the heptaic portal vein

A

-inferior mesenteric vein
-splenic vein
-superior mesenteric vein
-left right gastric veins
-cystic vein

85
Q

placental blood supply

A

-blood flows to placenta via umbilical cord through pair of umbilical arteries that arise from internal iliac arteries
-blood returns from placenta through single umbilical that drains into ductus venosus and empties into inferior vena cava

86
Q

fetal pulmonary circulation bypasses

A

-foramen ovale - directs blood from right to left atrium
-ductus arteriosus - short vessel that connects pulmonary trunk to aorta

87
Q

cardiovascular changes at birth

A

newborm breaths air and lungs expand
-pulmonary vessels expand
-reduce )2 causes ductus arteriosis constriction
-rising left atrium pressure closes foramen ovale

88
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

-in open foramen ovalue, blood recirculates through pulmonary circuit instrad of entering left ventricle
-left to right shunt (high systemic pressure)
-arterial oxygen content is normal
-left ventricle must work much harder than usual to provide adequate blood flow through systemic circuit

89
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

-pressure rise in the pulmonary circuit
-if pulmonary pressure rises enough they may force blood into ductus arteriosis
-patent ductus arteriosis creates right to left shunt
-circulating blood is not adequately oxyegnated develops deep red colour
-skin developes blue tones - cyanosis

90
Q

Tetrology Fallot

A
91
Q

ventricular septal defects

A

-opening in interventricular septim that seperate right and left ventricles
-most common congenital heart condition
-opening between the 2 ventricles has an effect similar to a connection between the atria
-when more powerful left ventricle beats it ejects blood into right ventricle and pulmonary circuit

92
Q

atrioventricular septal defect

A
93
Q

transposition of great vessels

A
94
Q

agre related changes in blood

A

-decreased hematocrit
-peripheral blockage by blood clot
-pooling of blood in legs due to venous valve deterioration

95
Q

age related changes in the heart

A

-reduced maximum cardiac output
-changes in nodal and conducting cells
-reduced elasticity of cardiac skeleton
-progressive athersclerosis
-replacement of damaged cardiac muscles by scar tissue

96
Q

age related changes in blood vessels

A

-arteries become less elastic and pressure change can cause an anuerysm
-calcium deposits on the vessel wall can cause stroke or infarction
-lipid deposits in tunica media and calcium salts can form atherosclerotic plaques
-thrombi can form at atherosclerotic plaques

97
Q

disorders of the cardiovascular system may

A

-affect many cells and systems
-be structureal or functional
-result from disease or trauma

Anatomy (21 decks)

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