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Anatomy > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

typical characteristics of the brain

A

-97% of the bodys nervous tissue
-weight is around 3lb
-volume around 1200mL
-brains of males larger than females

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2
Q

regions of the brain

A

-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-diencephalon
-brainstem

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3
Q

cerebrum

A

-largest part of the adult brain
-controls higher mental functions like conscious thought, intellect, memory
-divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
-conscious and subsconcious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
-gray matter in cerebral cortex and basal nuceli
and white matter is deep to cerebral cortex around basal nuceli

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4
Q

cerebral cortex

A

-surface layer of gray matter
-rounded elevates called gyry increase surface area
-gyri are seperated by shallow depressions (sulci) or deep grooves (fissures)

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

-coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
-adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
-second largest part of the brain
-coordinates repetitive body movements
-two hemispheres
-covered by gray matter

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6
Q

diencephalon

A

-thalamus and hypothalamus

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7
Q

thalamus

A

relays and processes sensory information

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production

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9
Q

brainstem

A

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblangata

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10
Q

midbrain

A

-processes bisual and autory data
-generates reflexive somatic motor responses
-maintains consciousness

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11
Q

pons

A

-relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
-subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

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12
Q

medulla oblongata

A

-relays sensory information to thalamus and other portions of the brainstem
-autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function
-most inferior part
-3 groups of nuclei that control visceral functions, sensory and motor nuclei of CNS and relay stations for communication between brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

origins of the brain structure

A

-telencephalon –> forms cerebrum
-metencephalon –> forms cerebellum and pons
-myelencephalo –> forms medulla oblongata

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14
Q

ventricle system of the brain

A

-lateral ventricles
-interventricular foramen
-third ventricle
-cerebral aqueduct
-fourth ventricle

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15
Q

brain protection and support

A

-physical protection through bones, meninges, CSF
-biochemical isolation through BBB

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16
Q

cranial meninges

A

-3 layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
-continous with spinal meninges

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17
Q

CSF

A

-surrounds all exposed surfaces
-supports brain
-cushion delicate nueral structures
-trasnport nutrients chemical messengers and wastes

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18
Q

flow of the CSF

A

-from choroid plexus through ventricles and fills the central canal of the SC
-CSF reaches subarachanoid space through two lateral apertures and a single median aperture in the rood of the fourth ventricle
-CSF then flows through subarachanoid space surrounding the brain spinal cord and cauda equina

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19
Q

choroid plexus

A

-produces CSF
-specialized ependymal cells surround capillaries
-secretes about 500mL of CSF into ventricles per day
-removes wast eproducts from CSF
-adjust composition of CSF

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20
Q

how is CSf absorbed into the venous circulation

A

-through fingerlike extensions of the arachanoid membrane called arachnoid villi
-the villi produces large arachanoid granulations which CSF is absorbed through

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21
Q

protective function of meninges

A

-dural folds hold brain in position
CSF cushions brain against sudden jold

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22
Q

cranial trauma

A

-head injury resulting from impact with an object

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23
Q

blood supply to brain

A

-internal carotid artieries and vertebral arters deliver oxygen and nutrients
-most blood removed from dural venous sinuses by internal jugular veins

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24
Q

cerebrovascular diseases

A

-diseases that interfere with blood supply to brain
-Cerebrovascular accident or stroke stops blood flow to the brain and affected nuerons begin to die within minutes

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25
Q

blood brain barrier

A

-isolates CNS fro general circulation
-network of tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in CNS
-only lipid soluble compounds can diffuse across
-astrocytes regulate BBB by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium

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26
Q

blood CSF barrier

A

-formed by specialized ependymal cells connected by tight junctions
-limit tranfer of substances to CSF
-allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ

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27
Q

breaks in BBB

A

-portions of the hypothalamus allows hypothalmic horomones into circulation
-poserior lobe of pituitary gland allows aADH and ocytocin into circulation
-pineal gland - allows pineal secretions into circulation
-choroid plexus where specialized ependymal cells maintain blood CSF barrier

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28
Q

reticular formation

A

-contain nuceli and centers that regulate autonomic functions and extends into the pons and midbrain

29
Q

Pons contains

A

-sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves
-nuceli involved with respiration
-nuclei and traxts that process and relay information sent to or from cerebellum
-ascending, descending and transverse pontine fibres

30
Q

transverse pontine fibres

A

-link nucli of pons with opposite cerebellar hemisphere

31
Q

structures of the midbrain

A

-tectum
-tegmentum
-cerebral peduncles

32
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

-involuntary cooridnation and control of ongoing body movements
-involuntary

33
Q

cerebellar nuceli

A

-involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements

34
Q

diencephalon function

A

-integrates sensory information with motor commands
-epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

35
Q

thalamus

A

-filters and relays sensory info from spinal cord and CN to cerebral cortex
-relays inforbation between basal nuclei and cerebral cortext
-the third ventricle seperates left and right sides
-interthalamic adhesion

36
Q

five groups of thalamic nuclei

A

-anterior nuclei of thalamus (emotions)
-medial. nuceli of thalamas (awareness of emotional state)
-ventral nuclei of thalamus (senory info to cerebral cortex)
-dorsal nuceli of thalamus (sensory)
-geniculate bodies (visual and auditory)

37
Q

strucutre of the hypothalamus

A

-mamillary bodies - control relfex
-infundibulum - narrow stalk that connects hypothalamus to pit. gland
-tuber cinereum - hormone that affects the pit. gland

38
Q

eight functions of hypothalamus

A

0secretes ADH and oxytocin
-regulate body temp
-control autonomic function
-coordinate voluntary and autonomic function
-coordinates nervous and endocrine system
-regulate circadian rhythm
-subconcious control of skeletal muscle
-produce emotion and behavioural drives

39
Q

limbic system

A

-establishes emotional states
-links conscious function of cerebral cortex witha utonomic functions of the brainstem
-facilitates memory storage and retrieval

40
Q

function of basal nuceli

A

-subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
-coordination of learned movement patterns
-parkinsons- symptoms caused by increased activity of basal nuceli

41
Q

cortex of each cerebral hemisphere

A

-recieves somsatosensory information from and sends motor commands to the opposite sides of the body

42
Q

primary motor cortex

A

-voluntary control of skeletal muscle

43
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

-perception of touch, pressure pain vibration taste and temperature

44
Q

visual cortex

A

0conscious perception of visual stimuli

45
Q

auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

A

-conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

46
Q

motor, sensory, somatosensory and assoication areas

A

-integration and processing of sensory data
-processing and initaition of motor activitie

47
Q

integrative centers

A

-in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres
-recieve information from association areas
-direct complex motor activities
-perform analytical functions

48
Q

brocas area

A

-speech production
-breathing and vocalization

49
Q

wernickes area

A

-language comprehension

50
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

-functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres
-each performs certainf ucntions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere

51
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

-reading writifn and math
-speech language
-decision making

52
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

-analyzes sensory info
-recognition of faces and voice inflections

53
Q

how to assess brain activity

A

-electroencephalogram
-electrodes are placed on brain or skull
-electrical patterns/brain waves are obsevred
types of waves: alpha waves, beta waves, theta waves, delta waves

54
Q

classification of cranial nerves

A

-primarily sensory - carriers of somatic sensory information
-special sensory - carriers of senstations
-motor: axons of somatic motor nuerons
-mixed:sensory and motor fibres

55
Q

cranial nerves are classified by

A

primary function but also have important secondary function

56
Q

olfactory nerve

A

CN I
-smell
-comes from receptors of olfactory epithelium
-goes to olfactory bulbs

57
Q

optic nerve

A

CN II
-special sensory - vision
-retina of eye to diencephalon via optic chiasm

58
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

CN III
-eye movement (motor)
-from midbrain

59
Q

trochlear nerves

A

-CN IV (4)
-eye movement
-from midbrain to superior obliquea

60
Q

abductens nerve

A

CN VI (6)
-eye movement (motor)
-from pons to lateral rectus

61
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

CN V (5)
-mixed - sensory and motor of face
-three branches
-V1 = opthalamic nerve
-V2 = maxillary nerve
-V3 = mandibular nerve

62
Q

Facial nerve

A

CN VII
-mixed sensory and motor of face

63
Q

bells palsy

A

-cranial nerve disroder resulting from inflammation of facial nerve
-likely viral infection
-paralysis of facial muscles on affected side
-loss of taste sensations from anterior two thirds or tongie
-symptoms fade after weeks or months

64
Q

vesibulocochlear nerve

A

CN VIII
-special sensory
-balance and equilibirum

65
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

CN IX
-mixed function of head and neck

66
Q

vagus nerve

A

CN X
-mixed function
widely distrbuted
in thorax

67
Q

accessory nerve

A

CN XI
-motor to muscle of neck and upper back

68
Q

hypoglossal nerves

A

CN XII
-tongue movement

69
Q

cranial reflexes

A

-monosynaptic and polysynaptic relfex arc
-involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves
-clinically useful to check condition of cranial nerves and parts of the brain

Anatomy (23 decks)

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