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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Major organs or digestive tract

A

-oral cavity
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine

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2
Q

accessory organs of GI

A

-teeth
-tongue
-salivary glands
-liver
-gall bladder
-pancreas

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3
Q

integrated processes of digestive system

A

-ingestion
-mechnical digestion and propulsion
-chemical digestion
-secretion
-absorbtion
-defecation

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4
Q

what does secretion mean in terms of digestion

A

-release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers and salts by epithelium of digestive tract, glandular organs and gall bladder

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5
Q

what does absorption of the GI tract mean

A

-movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins minerals and water across digestive epithelium into interstitial fluid of digestive tract

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6
Q

lining of GI tract protects agaisnt

A

-corrosive effects of acids and enzymes
-mechanical stresses
-bacteria either ingested with food or that resixe in digestive tract

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7
Q

peritoneum

A

-serous membrane lining peritoneal cavity
-superficial mesothelium covering layer of areolar tissue
-visceral and paretal peritoneum

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8
Q

peritoneal fluid

A

-produced by serou smembrane lining
-allows sliding of parietal and visceral surfaces without friction or irriation
-7L produced and absorbed dailey

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9
Q

ascites

A

-absdominal swelling due to build up of peritoneal fluid

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10
Q

what are mesenteries

A

-double sheets of peritoneal membrane
-suspend parts of organs in the peritoneal cavity
-connect parietal and visceral peritoneum
-orivide routhe for important vessels
-stabalize organs
-prevent entanglation of organs

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11
Q

lesser omentum

A

-stabalize position of stomach
-provides route for BV and other structures entering or leaving the liver-

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12
Q

falciform ligament

A

-helps stbalize position of liver relative to diaphragm and abdominal wall

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13
Q

dorsal mesentary

A

-enlarges to form greater omentum which extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior suface of SI
-greater omentum also hangs like apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach

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14
Q

function of adipose tissue in greater omentum

A

-conforms to shape of surrounding organs
-pads and protects surfaces of abdomen
-provides insulation to reduce heat loss
-stores lipid energy reserves
-contributes to beer belly

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15
Q

mesentary proper

A

-for stability
-thick mesenterial sheet
-permits some independetn movement
-suspends all but first 25cm of small intestine

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16
Q

mesentary associated with duodenum and pacreas

A

-duses with abdominal wall locking organs in place
-posterior to peritoneal cavity is called retroperitoneal

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17
Q

mesocolon

A

-mesentary associated with part of large intestine
-during development, mesocolon of ascending colon descending oclon and rectum fuse to posterior body wall and lock regions in place

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18
Q

major layers of the digestive tract

A

-mucosa
-sibmucosa
-muscular layer
-serosa

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19
Q

mucosa layer photo

A
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20
Q

submucosa

A

-layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-binds mucosa to muscular layer
-lots of BV and lymphatics
-may contain exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymes into GI

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21
Q

submucosal nueral plexus

A

-innervated mucosa nad submucosa
-sensory nuerons, parasympathetic ganglionic nuerons and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

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22
Q

muscular layer of GI tract

A

-dominated by smooth muscle cells in inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
-involved in mechanical digestion and moving materials along digestive tract
-movements coordinated by enteric nervous system

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23
Q

muscular layer of the digestive tract is innervated by

A

-PSNS
-also by symptzhtetic ostganglionic fibers

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24
Q

myenteric plexus

A

-netowrk of parasympathetic ganglia, sensory nuerons, internuerons and symptatehtic postganglionic fibers
-between circular and longitudinal muscles

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25
Q

serosa

A

-serous membrane covering muscular layers
-along most areas of digestive tract enclosed by peritoneal cavity

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26
Q

what happens in areas where serosa is lacking

A

-adventitia - dense network of collagen fibers firmly attaches digestive tract to adjacent structures

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27
Q

visceral smooth muscle tissue

A

-contributes to movement of GI
-rhythmic cycles of activity
-controlled by pacesetter cells that undergo spontaneous depolarization
-wave of contraction spreads throughout entire muscualr sheet

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28
Q

peristalsis steps

A

-circular muscle behind bolus contracts
-longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract
-wave of contraction in ciruclar muscle layer forces bolus forward

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29
Q

segmentation

A

-cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus mixing contents with intestinal secretions
-does not follow set pattern and does not push materials in any one direction

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30
Q

local factors regulating digestive functions

A

-pH, volume or chemical composition of intestinal contents
-stretching of intestinal wall can stimulate localized contractions
-local factors ma stimulate release of prostgalndings and histamine

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31
Q

nueral mechanisms regulating GI tract

A

-visceral motor nuerons
-control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion
-located in myenteric plexus
-short reflexes and long reflexes

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32
Q

short reflexes of the nueral mechanism of the GI

A

-control small segments of GIT
-operate entirely outside of CNS control

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33
Q

long reflexes of the nueral mechanism of the GI tract

A

-involve internuerons and motor nuerons in CNS
-provide higher level control
-stimulate large scale peristalsis
-PSNS motor fibers synapse in myenteric plexus

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34
Q

hormonal mechanisms regulating the GIT

A

-enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract produce many peptide hormones that affect almost every aspect of digestion
-travel through bloodstream to reach target organs

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35
Q

functions of oral cavity

A

-sensory
-mechanical digestion
-lucrication
-limited chemical digestion of carbs and lipids

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36
Q

oral mucosa

A

-lining of oral cavity
-stratified squamous epithelium
-relatively thin and non-keritanized on cheeks, lips and inferior surface of tongie
-thin, vascular mucosa inferior to tongue can rapidly absorb lipid soluble druges
-mucosa of cheeks supported by pads of fat and buccinator muscles and is continous with lips

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37
Q

oral vestibule

A

-space between cheeks (or lips) and teeth

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38
Q

gingivae

A

-ridges of oral mucosa
-surround base of each tooth on alveolar processs of maxillae and mandible

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39
Q

uvula

A

-dangling process at posterior margin of soft palate
-prevents food from entering pharynx to soon-

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40
Q

palatoglossal arch

A

-extends between soft paalte and base of tongue

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41
Q

facuses

A

-space between oral cavity and pharynx
-bounded by soft palate and base of tongue

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42
Q

palatopharyngeal arch

A

-etends from soft palate to pharyngeal wall

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43
Q

tongue four primary function

A

-mechanical digestion by compression, abrasion and distortion
-manipulation to assist in chewing and to prepare food for swallowing
-sensory analysis by touch temperature and taste receptors
-secretion of mucins an dlinguinal lipase

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44
Q

portions of tongue

A

-anterior body
-posterior root
-frenulum (midline bottom)
-extrinsic tongue muscles (perform all gross movements)
-intrinsic tongue (finer movements)

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45
Q

dentin

A

-mineralized matrix similar to bone

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46
Q

pulp cavoty

A

-interior chamber of tooth
-BV and nerves through root canal

47
Q

root of toothe

A

-sits in bony socket
-contains cement that protects and anchors periodontal ligament

48
Q

crown

A

-gingival sulcus surrounds the neck

49
Q

enamel

A

-covers dentin anf forms biting surface

50
Q

cusps

A

-projections on top of teeth

51
Q

what forms the maxillary dental arcade and mandibular dental arcade

A

-alveolar process of maxillae and alevolar part of mandible

52
Q

three major pairs of salivary glands

A

-parotid (near ear), sublingual (below tongue), submanibular (below manible)
-each pair has distinctive cellular organization and produces saliva with slightly different properties

53
Q

saliva composition

A

-99% water
-other 0.6% electrolytes, buffers, glcoproteins, antibodies, enzymes and wastes

54
Q

where does the majority of salvia come from

A

-submanibular, then partodis and only 5% from sublingual

55
Q

regulation of salivary secretions

A

-salivary glands have parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation
-Parasympathetic efferents original in medulla oblongata and are stimulated by any object in mouth or other brainstem nuceli
-parasymptahteic stimulation accelerates secretion by all salivary glands

56
Q

mastication

A

-muscles close the jaw and slide lower jaw from side to side
-tongue compacts chewed food into a bolus

57
Q

pharynx

A

-passageway
-nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
-food passes through parts of pharynx on its way to esophagus

58
Q

esophagus

A

-food to stomach
-25 cm long
-begins posterior to circoid cartilage
-enters abdominopelvic cavity through esophageal hiatus
-innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers from esophageal plesus

59
Q

function of resting muscle tone in circular muscle layer

A

-prevents air from entering esophagus
-prevents backflow of materials from stomach

60
Q

three layers of wall of esophagus

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscular layer

61
Q

deglutition

A

-can be initiated voluntarily but proceeds auromatically
-buccal pharyngeal and esophageal phases

62
Q

swallowing relfec

A

-tactile receptors on palatal arches an duvula are stimulated by bolus
-information is relayer to swallowing center of medulla oblongata

63
Q

buccal phase of swallowing

A
64
Q

pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
65
Q

esophageal phase of swallowing

A
66
Q

bolus entering the stomach

A
67
Q

major functions of the stomach

A

-temporary storage of ingested food
-mechanical digetsion with muscular contractions
-chemical digestion of food with acid and enzymes

68
Q

chyme

A

-partially digested food mixed with acidic secretions of stomach

69
Q

photo of stomach

A
70
Q

histology of stomach

A

-simple columnar epithelium
-epithelium produces mucus for protection
-gastric pits open onto gastric surface
-mucous cells actively divide for replacement

71
Q

histology of stomach photo

A
72
Q

gastric gland photo

A
73
Q

chemical digestion in stomach

A

-some salivary amylase for carbs
-some lipase for lipids
-as contents become fluid pH drops to 2
-prelimary digestion of proteins by pepsin increases

74
Q

regulation of gastric activity

A

-production of acid and enzymes by gastric mucosa can be controlled by CNS, short reflexes of ENS,or hormones

75
Q

three overlapping phases of gastric control

A

-cephalic phase
-gastric phase
-intestinal phase

76
Q

pancreas

A

-lies posterior to stomach
-retroperitoneal
-extends from duodenum toward spleen
-wrapped in thin conenctive tisue capsule

77
Q

liver

A

-hypochondriac and epigastric regions
-performs essential metabolic and synthetic functions
-lobes held together by coronary ligament

78
Q

liver photo

A
79
Q

portal triad

A

-interlobular bile duct
-interlobular vein
-interlobular artery
-a portal trial lies at each of the 6 corners of a lobe

80
Q

process of blood flowing through the liver

A

-all blood leaving absorptie surfaces of digestive tract enter hepatic portal system and flows into liver
-liver cells extract nutrients or toxins from blood before blood reaches systemic circulation through heptaic veins
-liver removes and stores excess nutrients and corrects nutrient deficiences by mobilizing stored reserves or performing synthetic activities

81
Q

regulatory activities of the liver affect

A

-carb metabolism
-lipid metabolism
-AA metabolism
-Vitamin storage
-mineral storage
-drug inactivation

82
Q

what is the largest blood reservoir in the body

A

-liver

83
Q

hematological regulation by liver involves

A

-phagocytosis and antigen presentation
-synthesis of plasma proteins
-removal of circulating hormones
-removal of antibodies
-removal or storage of toxins

84
Q

Bile salts

A

-bile salts emulsify lipids in dudoenum
-increases surface area exposed to enzymes
-large droplets formed in stomach and pancreatic lipase needs smaller droplets
-enterohepatic circulation cycles bile salts between liver and small intestine

85
Q

gall bladder

A

-stores and concentrates bile prior to secretion into small intestine
-located in fossa in posterior surface of livers right lobe

86
Q

the bile duct joins with what to enter the dueodenum

A

-pancreatic duct

87
Q

steps that bile enters the duodenum

A

-the liver secretes bile contioulsy
-bile becomes more concentrated the longer it remains in the gallbladder
-CCK released by duedeum triggers dilation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of gallbladder ejecting bile into duodenum through duodenal ampulla
-in the lumen of the digestive tract, bile salts break the lipid droplets apart by emulsification

88
Q

how does bile composiiton change in the gallbladder

A

-water is absorbed
-bile salts and other components become increasingly concentrated

89
Q

small intestine cicular folds

A

-transverse folds n intestinal lining
-dont dissapear when intestine fills

90
Q

intestinal villi

A

-fingerlike projections in mucosa of small intestine
-covered by simple columnar epithelium
-carpeted with microvilli that form brush border

91
Q

internal structure of single villus

A

-lacteal
-nerve
-capillary network
-lamina propria

92
Q

dueodenal submucosal glands

A

-produce mucous when chyme arrives from the stomach
-mucus protects epithelium from acidity of chyme
-bicarbonate in mucus raise pH

93
Q

what does intestinal juice do

A

-moistens chyme
-assists in buffering acids
-keep digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution

94
Q

gastroenteric reflex

A

-stimulates motility and secretion along small intestine

95
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

-triggers opening of ileocecal valve allowing materials to pass from small intestine into large intestine

96
Q

nueral mechanisms involving CNS

A

-prepare GIT for activity through PSNS innervation
-inhibit gastrointestinal activity through sympathetic innervation
-coordinate movement of materials along digestive tract through reflexes
-motor nueron synapses in digestive tract release nuerotransmitters

97
Q

major hormones of dueodenum

A

-gastrin
-secretin
-gastric inhibitory peptide
-cholecytoskinin
-vasoactive intestinal peptide
-enterocrinin

98
Q

absorbiton in small intestine

A

-movements of mucosa increase absorptive effectiveness
-stir and mix intestinal contents
-quickly eliminate local differences in nutrient concentration

99
Q

parts of large intestine

A

-cecum - pouchlike first portion
-colon - largest portion
-rectum - last 15cm and end of digestive tract

100
Q

teniae coli

A

-3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
-run along outer surfaces of colon deep to serosa
-similar to outer layer of muscular layer
-muscle tone in teniae coli creates haustra

101
Q

omental appendices

A

-numerous sacs of fat in serosa of colon

102
Q

four regions of colon

A

-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon

103
Q

histology of large intestine

A

-lacks villi
-goblet cells
-deeper glands that are dominated by goblet cells
-mucus for lubrication
-large lymphoid nodules scattered throughout lamina propria and submucosa

104
Q

functions of large intestine

A

-absorption or reabsorption of wate, nutrients, bile salts, organic wastes, vitamins and toxins produced by bacteria
-compaction of intestinal contents into feces
-storage of fecal material prior to defecation

105
Q

motility of large intestine

A

-gastroileal and gastroenteric reflexes
-movement from cecum to transverse colon is slow allowing hours for water absorption
peristaltic waves moves material along length of colon
-segmentation movements (haustral churning) mix contents of adjacent hasutra

106
Q

movement of transverse colon through rest of large intestine result from

A

-result from powerful peristaltic contractions (mass movements)

107
Q

what is the stimulus for the movement of the large intestine

A

-distention of stomach and duodenum

108
Q

what initates defecation reflex

A

-distention of rectal wall
-involves two positive feedback loops
-both triggered by stretch receptors in rectum

109
Q

positive reflex loop of the large intestine

A

-intrinsic myenteric defeation reflex
-parasympathetic defecation reflex

110
Q

intrinsic myenteric defecation reflex

A

-short reflex triggers peristaltic contractions in sigmoid colon and rectum

111
Q

parasympathetic defecation reflex

A

-long reflex
-coordinated by sacral parasympathetic nuerons
-stimulates mass movements

112
Q

elimination of deces

A

-relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters
-reflexes open internal sphincter
-somatic nervous system must be activated to consciously open external sphincter

113
Q

water reabsorption photo

A
114
Q

age related changes. of digestive system

A

-division rate of epithelial stem cells declines
-smooth muscle tone decreases
-effect of cumulative damage become apparent
-cancer rate increase
-dehydration is common maong elderly
-changes in other systems have direct or indirect effects on digestive system

Anatomy (23 decks)

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