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Anatomy > Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Spinal Reflexes > Flashcards

Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Spinal Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

reflexes

A

quick autimatic, nerve responses triggered by specific stimuli

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2
Q

spinal reflexes

A

-controlled by the spinal cord alone without input from the brain
-Example is dropping a hot pan. reflex causes release of the pan before the information reaches the brain

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3
Q

spinal cord

A

-housed within meninges and vertebral column
-carries sensory and motor information berween brain and most other parts of the body
-give rise to spinal nerves

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4
Q

gross anatomy of the spinal cord

A

-18 inches long
-half inch wide
-from brain to L1 and L2
-4 regions
-bilateral symettery (pairs of nerves)
-31 segments giver ise to spinal nerves
-central canal contains CSF

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5
Q

grooves that divide spinal cord into left and right

A

-posterior median sulcus
-anterior median fissure

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6
Q

gross anatomy of spinal cord photo

A
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7
Q

enlargements of the spinal cord

A

-areas of the spinal cord that supply the limbs, have more gray ,atter and are visibly wider
-cervical enlargement: supplies shoulder and upper limb
-lumbosacral enlargement: supplies pelvis and lower limbs

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8
Q

distal end of the spinal cord important components

A

-conus medullaris:tapered conical end of cord below lumbar enlargement
-cauda equina: nerve roots extending below conus medullaris
-filum terminale: thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus, attaches to coccygeal ligament

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9
Q

spinal roots

A

-anterior root - axons of motor nuerons
-posterior root - axons of sensory nuerons
-spinal nerve roots divide into rootlets before entering or leaving the spinal cord

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10
Q

spinal ganglia

A

-contain cell bodies of sensory nuerons that form the posterior root
-located between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

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11
Q

spinal nerves

A

-formed by union of posterior and anterior roots
-pairs
-each has a white ramus communicans and gray ramus communicans that innervate glands and smooth muscle
-mixed - containing both afferent and efferent motor fibres
-each spinal nerve quickly divides into rami

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12
Q

spinal nerve rami

A

-posterior ramus - supplies skin and muscles of the back
-anterior ramus - supplies most of body wall skin and limbs

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13
Q

naming the spinal nerves

A

-designed by vertebral region and number
-C1 runs above first cervical vertebrae
-C8 below 7th cervical vertebrae
-all other names for vertebrae above

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14
Q

the spinal meninges

A

-dura mater - outermost layer
-arachnoid mater - middle layer
-pia mater - innermost layer
-function to protect spinal cord and cushion with CSF, carry blood supplu
-continous with cranial meninges

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15
Q

meningitis

A

-viral or bacterial infection of the meninges

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16
Q

the dura mater

A

-outermozt meningeal layer
-tough with dense collagen fibers
-continous with cranial dura mater and fuses with periosteum of occipital bone
-distal end joins with coccygeal ligament

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17
Q

epidural space

A

-between vertebrae and dura mater
-contains loose connective and adipose tissue

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18
Q

subdural space

A

-potential space deep to dura mater

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19
Q

denticulate ligament photo

A
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20
Q

arachnoid mater

A

-middle meningeal layer
-two components: arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabeculae

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21
Q

subarachnoid space

A

-space wither arachnoid trabeculae
-between arachnoid mater and pia mater
-filled with CSF
-lumbar puncture or spinal tap withdraws CSF from subarachnoid space

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22
Q

pia mater

A

-innermost meningeal layer
-mesh of collagen and elastic fibers
-firmly attaches to underlying nueral strcutres it surrounds
-blood vessels for SC are on surface of pia mater within the subarachnoid space
-paired denticulate ligaments anchor pia mater to dura mater and prevent lateral movement of spinal cord

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23
Q

functional organization of gray matter

A

-masses of gray matter within cNS are called nuceli and are organized into regions called horns
-posterior horns (sensory nuclei)
-anterior horns (motor nuceli)
-lateral horns (visceral motor nuclei)
-sensory or motor nucleus location within gray matter determines which body part it controls

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

gray commisures

A

-organised gray matter
-narrow bands of gray matter around central canal
-axons cross here to the other side of spinal cord

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25
Q

tract

A

-bundle of axons in CNS
-ascending tracts (toward brain)
-descending tracts (down the spinal cord)

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26
Q

structural organization of white matter

A

-three columns
-posterior white column
-anterior white column
-lateral white colimn

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27
Q

three connective tissue layers surrounding the spinal. nerves

A

-epineurium
-perinerium
-endonuerium

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28
Q

spinal nerves

A

pair of spinal nerves emerhes laterallu from each spinal cord segment
-form by junction of anterior and posterior roots
-all spinal nerves are mixed nerves

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29
Q

peripheral nerves

A

-form from branching and re-sorting spinal nerves
-all are mized nerves
-same connective tissue layers as spinal nerves

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30
Q

dermatomes

A

-specifical bilateral region of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves

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31
Q

peripheral nueropathies

A

-regional losses of neural function that affect dermatomes often nerve trauma, compression and various illnesses

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32
Q

shingles

A

-rash/symptoms occur along dermatomes

33
Q

sensory information picture

A
34
Q

motor commands photo

A
35
Q

nerve plexuses

A

-complex interwoven networks of nerve fibers
-formed from blended fibers of anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves
-allows multiple spinal nerves to supply the same structures

36
Q

four major nerve plexuses

A

–cervical plexus
-brachial plexus
-lumbar plexus
-sacral plexus

37
Q

cervical plexus

A

-includes anterior rami of spinal nerves
-innervated scalp behind ear neck and diaphragm
-phrenic nerve controlling diaphragm
-lesser occipital nerve
-greater auricular nerve
-transverse cervical nerve
-supraclavicular nerve

38
Q

brachial plexus

A

-innervates pectoral girdle, upper back and upper lumb
-anterior rami of C5-T1
-rami first form 3 trunks then trunks form cords
-cords are named by their positions relative to axillary artery
-most nerves of brachial plexus come off the cords

39
Q
A
40
Q

major brachial pleux nerves

A

-musculocutanerous nerve
-median nerve
-ulnar nerve
-axillary nerve
-radial nerve

41
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

-compression of median nerve usually when adjacent tendons are swollen
-median nerve passes through the small carpal tunnel on the anterior wrist

42
Q

the hand is innervated by

A

-ulnar median and radial nerves

43
Q

the lubar plexus

A

-includes anterior rami of spinal nervez T12-L4
-includes: iliohypgastrix nerve, ilio-inguinal nerve, femoral nerve, obturator nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

44
Q

sacral plexus

A

-includes anterior rami of spinal nerves L4-S4
-sciatic nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, pudendal nerve
-two branches of sciatic nerve: fibular nerve, tibial nerve

45
Q

sensory innervation of the foot

A

branches from these peripheral nerves supply the foot anjle
-saphenous nerve, sural nerve, fubular nerve, tibial nerve
-mapping touch/pain perception and checking muscle function can determine damage to specific peripheral nerves

46
Q

functional organization of nuerons

A

-sensory:10 million, bring info to CNS
-motor: 0.5 million, send commands from CNS out to peripheral effectors
-internuerons - 20 billion located withint he CNS, interpret plan and coordinate signals coming in and out

47
Q

neuronal pools

A

-internuerons organized into functional groups of interconnected neuerons
-each has limited input sources and output destinations
-may stimulate or depress parts of brain or spinal cord

48
Q

five patterns of nueral circuits in nueronal pools

A

-divergence
-convergence
-serial processing
-parallel processing
-reverebration

49
Q

divergence

A

-spreads information from one nueron or nueronal pool to many
-especially common in sensory pathways

50
Q

convergence

A

-several nuerons synapse on a single nueron
-example is subconcious and conscious control of the diaphragm in breathing - two nueronal pools synapse with same motor nuerons

51
Q

serial processing

A

-information moves along a single path, sequentially from one nueron or nueronal pool to the next
-example: pain signals pass sequentially through two nueronal pools to reach conscious brain

52
Q

paralell processing

A

-several nuerons and nueronal pools process the same information at the same time
-eaxmple step on a bee, signals spread through several nueronal pools so you can shfit your weight lift your foot and yell in pain at about the same time

53
Q

reverberation

A

-xollateral branches of neurons extend back and continue stimulating presynaptic nuerons
-forms positive feedback loop continues until synaptic fatigure or inhibition occurs
-examples: may maintain consciousness, breathing and muscle coordination

54
Q

nueral reflexes

A

-rapid, autonomic responses to specific stimuli
-basic building blocks of nueral function
-a specific reflex produces the same motor response each time

55
Q

5 components of a reflex arc

A

-sensory receptor
-sensory nueron
-information processing in CNS
-motor nueron
-effector

56
Q

events in a spinal reflex arc

A

-atimulus activates receptor
-with enough stimulation action potential is generated in sensory nueron, axon enters SC via posterior root
-information processing in spinal cord usually occurs at one or more internuerons
-internuerons stimulate action potenitlas in motor nueron, its axon leabes bia anterior root
-motor nueron stimulated effecto

57
Q

events in reflex arc photo

A
58
Q

four types of calssification of reflexes

A

-developmental
-motor response
-complex of nueral circuit
-site of information processing

59
Q

developmental reflexes

A

-innate -chewing, visual tracking, withdrawl
-acquired - reptition enhances them, braking car in emergency

60
Q

motor repsonse

A

-soamtic relfex - control skeletal muscle contracting, immediat eimportant emergencies
-visceral reflexes - control other effectors - smooth muscle ,cardiac muscle or glands

61
Q

complexity of nueral circuit relfexes

A

-monosynaptic relfelx - single synapse, fast, sensory nueron synapses directly with motor nueron
-polysynaptic relfex - atleast one internueron-slower response,

62
Q

intersegmental relfex arch

A

polysynaptic reflex
-many spinal cord segments interact
-produce variable response

63
Q

sites of information processing

A

spinal relxes - processing occurs in spinal cord
-cranial reflexes - processing happens in brain

64
Q

monosynaptic relfexes

A

-stretch relfex
-regulated skeletal muscle length throughout body
-very rapid (large myelinated fibers)
-patellar reflex

65
Q

steps in a stretch reflex

A

-stimulus - muscle stretching
-distortion of receptors sends action potential through sensory nueron
-sensory nueron synapses with motor nuerons in spinal cord
-motor nuerons send sigma;s to motor untis, triggers reflexiative contraction of stretched muscle

66
Q

muscle spindle strcutre

A

-receptors in stetch reflexes
-made of bundles of small specialized intrafusal muscle fibers
-innervated by sensory and motor nuerons
-muscles spindle is surrounded by extrafusal muscle fibers which maintain muscle tone and contract muscle

67
Q

posterual reflexes

A

-include both stretch reflexes and polysynaptic
-maintain upright posture
-often involve many muscle grousp
-maintain firm muscle tone
-extremely sensitive receptors allow constant adjustments to be made as needed

68
Q

can internuerons control mutliple muscle groups

A

yes

69
Q

examples of polysynaptic reflex

A

-tendon reflex
-withdrawl relfex
-crossed extensor relfext

70
Q

tendon reflex

A

-prevents skeletal muscles from developing to much tension or tearing or breaking tendons

71
Q

withdrawl reflexes

A

-move body part away from stimulus
-flexor reflex
-strength and extent of response depends on intesnity and location of stimulus

72
Q

reciporical inhibition

A

-for flexor reflex to work stretch reflex of antagonistic muscles must be inhibited
-when flexors contract, extenors relax
-when extensorys contract, reflexors relax

73
Q

ipsilateral reflex arc

A

-occur on same side of body as stimulus
-stretch tendon and withdrawl reflexes

74
Q

crossed extensor reflexors involve contralateral relx arcs

A

-occur on side opposite stimulus
-ciirdubated with flexor reflex
-strwp on something sharp before flexor can lift injured foot, crossed extesnorreflex straightnes opposite limb to recieve body wight
-maintained by reverberating cricuits

75
Q

five general characteristics of polysynaptic reflexes

A

-inolve pools of nuerons
-involve more than one spinal segment
-involve reciperoical inhibition
-have reverterbating ciruicts
-several reflexes may cooperate

76
Q

integration and control of spinal reflexes

A

-reflex behaviours are automatic but processing ceenters in the brain can facilitate or inhibit spinal reflex motor patterns

77
Q

voluntary movements and reflex motor patterns

A

-spinal reflexes produe characteructis response for a given stimulus
-brain can also activate these same motor patterns through descending pathways (inhibit or fine tune)

78
Q

einforcement or spinal relfelxes

A

-higher centers can adjust sensitivity o reflexes by stimulating excitatory or inhibitory internuerons in brainstem or spinal cord
-when excitatory synapses are chronically stimulated post synaptic nuerons can be in general facilitation
-this reinforcement enhances spianl relfexes

79
Q

inhibtion of spinal relfexes

A

-higher centers inhibit spinal relces by
-stimulating inhibitory nuerons
-creating IPSPs at reflex motor nuerons
-suppressing postsynaptic nuerons thus inhbiting the reflex

80
Q

plantar reflex

A

normal in adults
-strol lateral sole causes reflexive toe curling

81
Q

babinski reflex

A

normal in infants may indicate damage in adults

Anatomy (23 decks)

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