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Anatomy > Sensory Pathway and SNS > Flashcards

Sensory Pathway and SNS Flashcards

1
Q

sensory pathways

A

-series of nuerons that relays sensory information from receptors to CNS

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells or cell processes that monitor specific conditions
-in the body or the external environment
-when stimulated a redeptor generates action potential that are sent along the sensory pathway
-processes of specialzied sensory nuerons
-or cells monitored by sensory nuerons

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3
Q

Afferent division of the nervous system

A

-somatic and visceral sensory pathways

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4
Q

efferent dividsion of the nervous system

A

-somatic motor portion
-carries out somatic motor commands that control peripheral effectors
-commands travel from motor centers in brain along somatic motor pathway

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5
Q

sensation

A

arrivign information

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6
Q

perception

A

conscious awareness of a sensation

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7
Q

general senses

A

-temperature
-pain
-touch
-pressuree
-vibration
-proprioreception

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8
Q

special senses

A

olfaction
-gustation
-vision
-equilibrium
-hearing

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9
Q

special sensory receptors

A

-provide sensations of special senses
-located in sense organs such as eye or ear
-protected by surrounding tissuesf

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10
Q

factors of detection of stimuli

A

-receptor specificity - each receptor has a characteritisc sensitivity
-receptive field - area montiored by a single receptor cell, the larger the receptive field the more difficult itis to localize timulus
-transduction - conversion of an arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor

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11
Q

how do taste hearing equilibrium and vision communicate with sensory nuerons

A

across chemical synapses

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12
Q

interpretation of sensory information

A

-stimulus reaches cortical nuerons via labeled line
-each labeled line carries info about one modality
-frequency and pattern of action potential contain info
-your perception of nature of a stimulus depends on the path it takes in CNS

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13
Q

classification of sensory receptors

A

-exteroreceptors - provide info about external environemnt
-proprioreceptors - report posituions of skeletal muscles and joints
-interoreceptors - visceral organ and functions

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14
Q

receptor classification based on nature of stimulus

A

-nociceptors - pain
-thermoreceptors - temp
-mechanoreceptors - physical distortion
-chemoreceptors - chemical concentration

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15
Q

nociceptors

A

-free nerve endins with large receptive fields
-common in superficial portions of skin, in joint capsules and within the periostea of bones, around walls of blood vessels
-sensitive to temperature extremes, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals

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16
Q

myelinated Type A fibers

A

-nociceptors
-carry out sensations of fast pain such as that caused by injection or deep cut
-sensations reach CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes
-relayed to primary somatosensory cortex and thus conscious attention

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17
Q

unmyelinated Type C fibers

A

-nociceptors
-carry sensations of slow pain
-sensations cause generalized activation of reticular formation and thalamus
-you become aware of the pain but only have a general idea of the area affected

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18
Q

thermoreceptors

A

-free nerve endings located in dermis, skeletal muscles, liver hypothalamus,
-sensations are conducted along same pathways that carry pain receptors (reticular formation, thalamus, and the primary somatosensory cortex)

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19
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sensitive to physical stimli that distort their plasma membrane
-membranes contain mechanically gated ion channels that open or close in response to stretching, compression, twisting

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20
Q

three classes of mechanoreceptors

A

-tactile
-baroreceptors
-proprioreceptors

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21
Q

tactile receptors

A

provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibrations

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22
Q

baroreceptors

A

detect pressure changes in blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

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23
Q

proprioceptors

A

monitor positions of joints and skeletal muscles

24
Q

fine touch and pressure receptor -tactile receptors

A

-extremely sensitive
-narrow receptive field
-provide detailed info about source of info

25
Q

crude touch and pressure receptors -tactile receptors

A

large receptive fields
-provide poor localization
-give little info about stimulus

26
Q

six types of tactile receptors in the skin

A

-free nerve endings
-root hair plexus
-tactile discs
-bulbous corpuscle
-lamellar corpuscle
-tactile corpuscle

27
Q

free nerve endings

A

situated between epidermal cells, tonic receptors with small receptibe fields provide sensations

28
Q

root hair plexus

A

monitor distortions and movements across body surface wherever hair are located
-adapt rapidly so are best at detecting initial contact and subsequent movement

29
Q

tactile discs

A

extremeley sentive tonic receptors
-sensitive to shape and texture
-very small receptive fields
-

30
Q

bulbous corpuscle

A

sensitive to pressure and distortion of the deep dermis

31
Q

lamellar corpuscle

A

-sensitive to deep pressure and high frequency vibration
-single dendritie lies within a series of concentric layers of collagen fibers

32
Q

tactile corpuscle

A

sensitive to fine touch, presure and low freuqency vibration
-most abundant in eyelids lips fingertips nipples and external genetalia

33
Q

baroreceptors

A

monitor change in pressure in an organ
-free nerve endings that branch within elastic tissues
-respond immediately to change in pressure but adapt rapidly

34
Q

baroreceptors in the body

A

–carotid sinus and aortic sinus
-lung
-digestive tract
-colon
-bladder wall

35
Q

proprioception

A

-somatic sensation
-no proprioceptors in visceral organs of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
-proprioreceptors are found in joints, tendons and ligaments, muscles

36
Q

three major groups of proprioceptors

A

-muscle spindles
-golgi tendon organs
-receptors in joint capsules

37
Q

muscle spindles

A

-proprioceptors
-monitor skeletal muscle lenght
-trigger stretch reflexes

38
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

-at junction between skeletal muscle and its tendon
-monitor tension during muscle contraction

39
Q

receptors in joint capsules

A

-proprioceptors
-free nerve endings that detect pressure, tension and movement at the joint

40
Q

chemoreceptors

A

-respond to water and lipid soluble substances that are dissolved in body fluids
-echbit peripheral adaptation in secnds
-monitor pH carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in arterial blood at carotid bodies and aortic bodies

41
Q

function and location of chemoreceptors photo

A
42
Q

first, second and third order nueron

A

-first - sensory nueron that delivers sensations to CNS
-second - internuerons in SC or brainstem that reieved info from first order nueron, corsses to oppsoite side of CNS (decussation)
-third order - nueron in thalamus that must recieve info from second order nueron for sensation to reach awareness

43
Q

major somatic sensory pathways

A

-spinothalamic pathway
-posterior column pathway
-spinocerebellar pathway

44
Q

spinothalamic pathway

A

-carries sensations of crude touch pressure pain and temp
-first order nuerons enter spinal cord and synapse within posterior horns
-second order nuerons cross to opposite side of spinal cord before ascending
-third order nuerons in ventral nuceli of thalamus

45
Q

tracts of the spinothalamic pathway

A

-anterior spinothalamic tract
-lateral spinothalamic tract

46
Q

results of abnormality in spinothalmic pathway

A

-painful sensations that are not produced where they are percieved to originate
-phantom limb syndrome
-referred pain - feeling pain in an uninjured part of body when pain originates at another location
-visceral pain can manifest as pain in body surface (heart attack is freqeuntly felt in left arm)

47
Q

posterior column pathway

A

carries sensations of fine touch vibration pressure and proprioreception

48
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A

-conveys information about position of muscles tendons and joints from spinal cord to cerebellum
-this information does not reach our awareness

49
Q

visceral sensory pathways

A

visceral sensory info is collected by interoreceptors monitoring visceral tissues and organs
-interoreceptors include nociceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors, tactile receptors and chemoreceptors
-cranial nerves V VII IX and X carry sensory info

50
Q

solitary nucleus

A

-part of the visceral sensory pathway
-large nucleus on each side of medulla oblongata
-major processing and sorting center for visceral sensory info
-extensive connections with cardiovasicular and repsiratory centers and reitcular formation

51
Q

somatic motor pathways always involve

A

-atleast two motor nuerons: upper motor nueron and lower motor nueron

52
Q

upper motor nueron

A

-cell body lies in a CNS processing center
-synapses on lower motor nueron
-activity may facilitate or inhbit lower motor nueron

53
Q

lower motor nueron

A

-cell body lies in a nuclues of brainstem or spinal cord
-innervated a single motor unit in a skeletal muscle
-activation triggers contraction in innervated muscle
-damage eliminates voluntary and reflex control over innervated motor unit

54
Q

conscious and subconscious motor commands

A

-control skeletal muscles by travelling over three integrated motor pathways: corticospinal pathway, medial pathway, lateral pathway

55
Q

role of cerebrum, diencephalon, and brainstem of somatic motor pathways

A

-may issue somatic motor commands in response to subconscious processing
-medial pathway helps control gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscles
-lateral pathway helps control distal limb muscles that perform precise movements

56
Q

basal nucelu and cerebellum of somatic motor pathway

A

-responsible for coordination and feedback control over muscle contractions
-consciously or subconsciously directed

57
Q

cerebellum monitors

A

-proprioceptibe sensations
-visual information from the eyes
-vestibular sensations from internal ear
-patterns of cerebellar activity are learned by trial and error over many repitiions

Anatomy (23 decks)

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