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Anatomy > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

three main functions of the nervous system

A

-senses changes within the body and outside the body
-interprets the sensory information that is recieved
-responds to the sensory information by initiaing movements or secretions

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2
Q

2 types of cells of nervous tissues

A

-neurons for intercellular communication
-nueroglia (glial cells) for survival and preservation of structure of nervous tissue

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

-brain and spinal cord
-connective tissue, nervous tissue and blood vessels
-functioons to process and corodinate sensory data from inside and outside the body
-motor commands control activities of peripheral organs
-higher functions of brain include intelligence memory learning and emotion

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-includes nervous tissue outside CNS and ENS
-delivers sensory information to CNS
-carries motor commans to peripehL TISSUE

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5
Q

nerves

A

-bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels
-carry sensory information and motor commands
-cranial nerves conenct to brain
-spinal nerves attach to spinal cord

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6
Q

functional division of PNS

A

-afferent and efferent, receptors, effectors

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7
Q

afferent division of the nervous system

A

-carries sensory information
-from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs to CNS

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8
Q

efferent division of nervous system

A

-carries motor commans from CNS to muscles glands and adipose tissue

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9
Q

receptors

A

-detect change sor responds to stimuli
-may be nuerons or specialized cells
-may be single cells or complex sensory organs

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10
Q

effectors

A

-target organs that respond to motor commands

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11
Q

efferent division of PNS

A

-somatic nervous system
-autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-controls skeletal muscle contractions
-both voluntary and involuntary reflexes

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-control subconscous actions contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions
-sympathetic has a stimulating effect
-parasympathetic has a relaxing effect

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14
Q

overview of the nervous system

A
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15
Q

nuerons

A

-basic functional unit of the nervous sytem
-send and recieve signals
-function in communication information processing and control

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16
Q

cell body

A

-AKA soma
-perikaryon (cytoplasm) surrounding the nucleus
-mitochondria produces energy
-RER and ribosomes for synthesizing proteins

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17
Q

dendrities

A

-short and highly branched processes extending from cell body

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18
Q

dendritic spines

A

-fine processes on dendrities
-recieve information from other nuerons and conduct info into cell body
-80-90% of neuron surface area
-some nuerons have only one dendrite and some has thousands

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19
Q

Axons

A

-single long cytoplasmic processes
-propagates electrical signals
-carries the nerve signals away from the cell body
-can be a few mm or as long as a meter

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20
Q

axolemma

A

-plasma membrane of the axon
-covers the axoplasm

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21
Q

initial segment

A

base of the axon

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22
Q

axon hillcock

A

-thick region that ataches inital segment to cell body

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23
Q

axon photo

A
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24
Q

collaterals

A

-branches of the axon
-side branches that enable single axon to communicate with several other cells

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25
Q

telodendria

A

-fine extensions of distal axon

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26
Q

axon terminals

A

-synaptic terminals
-tip of telodendria

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27
Q

structural classification of nuerons

A

-anaxonic nuerons
-unipolar nuerons
-bipolar nuerons
-multipolar nuerons

28
Q

bipolar nuerons

A

-small and rare
-one dendrite and one axon
-found in special sense organs liek sight smell and hearing

29
Q

anaxonic nuerons

A

-anaxonic nuerons
-small
-all cell processes look similar
-found in brain and special sense organs

30
Q

unipolar nuerons

A

-pseudounipolar nuerons
-axon and dendrites are fused
-cell body to one side
-most sensory nuerons of PNS

31
Q

multipolar nuerons

A

-have one long axon and two or more dendrtes
-common in the CNS
-all motor nuerons that control skeletal muscles

32
Q

structural photo of nueron types

A
33
Q

functional classfications of nuerons

A

-sensory nuerons
-motor nuerons
-internuerons

34
Q

sensory nuerons

A

-detect heat cold che icals and transmit info up to the CNS
-unipolar
-cell bodies grouped in sensory ganglia
-processes extend from sensory receptors to CNS
-somatic sensory nuerons (monitor external environment) and visceral sensory nuerons(monitor internal environment)

35
Q

interoreceptors

A

-monitor internal systems
-internal senses

36
Q

exteroceptors

A

-monitor external environment
-complex senses

37
Q

proprioceptors

A

-monitor position and movement of skeletal muscles

38
Q

motor nuerons

A

-efferent nuerons
-carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibres
-exit CNS and have motor effect

39
Q

somatic motor nuerons of SNS

A

-innervate skeletal muscles

40
Q

visceral motor nuerons

A

-innervate all other peripheral effectors
-smooth and cardiac muscles glands adipose tissue

41
Q

internuerons

A

-most are in brain and spinal ord
-located between sensory and motor nuerons
-responsible for distribution of sensory information, coordination of motor activity
-involved in higher functions like memory planning and learning

42
Q

nueroglia

A

-support and protect nuerons
-make up half the volume of the nervous system
-many types of CNS and PNS

43
Q

types of nuerglia in the CNS

A

-astrocytes
-epindymal cells
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia

44
Q

astrocytes

A

-have large cell bodies with many processes
-function: maintain BBB create 3D dimesntional framework for CNS, repair damaged nervous tissue, guide nueron development, control interstitial environment

45
Q

epensymal cells

A

-form epithelium that lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
-produce and monitor CSF
-have cilia that help circulate CSF

46
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-have small cell bodies with few processes
-many cooperate to form a myelin sheath
-myelin insulates myelinated axons
-increase speed of action potentials
-make nerve appear white
can myelinate segments of many axons

47
Q

internodes

A

myelinated segments of axon

48
Q

nodes/nodes of ranvier

A

-lie between internodes where axons may branch

49
Q

white matter

A

-regions of CNS with many myelinated axons

50
Q

gray matter of CNS

A

-contains unmyelinated axons, nueron cell bodies and dendrites

51
Q

microglia

A

-smallesr and leaast numerous nueroglia
-have many fine branches processes
-migrate through nervous tissue
-clean up cellular debris, wastes and pathogens

52
Q

two types of nueroglica of the PNS

A

-insulate nueronal cell bodies and most axons
-satellite cells and schwann cells

53
Q

satellite cells

A

-surround nueron cell bodies in ganglia
-regulate o2 and co2 nutrient and nerotransmitter levels around nuerons in ganglia

54
Q

schwann cells

A

-surround all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury

55
Q

satellite cells

A

-surround ganglia
-regulate interstitial fluid around nuerons

56
Q

schwann cells

A

-nuerolemmocytes
-form myelin sheath or indented folds of plasma membrane around axons
-nuerolemma is the outer surface of a scwann cell
- a myelianting schwann cell sheaths only one axon and many schwann cells sheather entire axon

57
Q

schwann cell

A
58
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

-axon distal to injury degenerates
-schwann cells form path for new growth and wrap around new axon

59
Q

never regeneration in CNS

A

-limited by astrocytes in CNS
-produce scar tissue
-release chemicals that block regrowth

60
Q

nerve generation CNS steps

A

-fragmentation of axon and myelin occurs in distal stump
-schwann cells form cord, grow into cut, and unite
-macrophages engulf degenerating axon and myelin
-axon sends buds into network of schwann cells and then starts growing along cord of schwann cells
-axon continues to grwo into distal stump and is enclosed by schwann cells

61
Q

synapse

A

-specialized site where a nueron communicates with another cell
-presynaptic nueron sends the message
-post synaptic nueron recieves the message

62
Q

types of synapses

A

-electrical synapses - direct physical contact between cells
-chemical synapses - signal transmitted across a gap by nuerotransmitteers
-chemical synapses

63
Q

chemical synapses

A

-most common
-only type of synapse between nuerons and other cells
-cells are seperated by synaptic cleft
-pre synaptic cell sends the messgae
-post synaptic cell recieves the message

64
Q

types of chemical

A

-nueromuscular junction - synapse between nueron and skeletal muscle cell
-nueroglandular junction - synapse between nueron and gland cell

65
Q

nuerotransmitters

A

-chemical messengers containe within synpptic vesicles in axon terminal of presynaptic cell
-affect receptors of post synaptic membrane
-broken down by enzymes
-reabsorbed and reasssembled by axon terminal

Anatomy (23 decks)

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