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Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

-heart
-blood
-bloodvessels

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2
Q

how much blood and how many beats per day does the heart pump

A

-8000 L
-100 000 beats per day

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3
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

-carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

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4
Q

systemic circuit

A

-carries blood to and from the rest of the body

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5
Q

arteries

A

-carry blood away from heart

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6
Q

veins

A

return blood to heart

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7
Q

capillaries

A

-exchange vessels
-interconnect smallest arteries and smallest veins
-exchange dissolves gases, nutrients and wastes between blood and surrounding tissues

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8
Q

four chambers of the heart and their function

A

-Right atrium - recieves blood from systemic circuit
–right ventricle - pumps blood into pulmonary circuit
-left atrium - recieves blood from pulmonary circuit
-left ventricle - pumps blood into systemic circuit

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9
Q

where does the heart sit

A

-between the two pleural cavities in mediastinum

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10
Q

pericardium

A

-surround heart
-outer fibrous pericardium
-inner serous pericardium
-pericardial cavity

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11
Q

inner serous pericardium layers

A

-outer visceral
-inner visceral (epicardium)

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12
Q

pericardial cavity

A

-between paretal and visceral layers
-contains pericardial fluid

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13
Q

pericarditis

A
  • caused by pathogens in pericardium
    -inflamed pericardial surfaces rub against each other
    -may cause restricted movement of the heart due to excess fluid in pericardial cavity (cardiac tamponade)
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14
Q

superficial anatomy of the heart

A

-two thin walled atria
-sulci (grooves) - contain fat and blood vessels

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15
Q

coronary sulcus

A

-marks border between atria and ventricles

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16
Q

anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

A

-marks boundary between left and right ventricles

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17
Q

heart anterior surface photo

A
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18
Q

posterior surface of heart photo

A
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19
Q

three later of heart

A

-epicardium (viscerlay layer of serous pericardium)
-myocardium
-endocardium

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20
Q

epicardium

A

-covers surface of heart
-covered by perietal layer of serous pericardium

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21
Q

-myocardium

A

-cardiac muscle tissue

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22
Q

endocardium

A

-covers inner surface of heart
-simple squamous epihtelium and areolar tissue

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23
Q

cardiac muscle tissue pattern

A

-atrial musculature bands that wrap around the atria in figure eight
-ventricular musculature forms bands thats spiral around ventricles

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24
Q

muscular partitions of heart

A

-interatrial septum - seperates atria
-interventricular septum - seperates ventricles, thicker

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25
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

-tricuspid and mitral valves
-fibrous tissue that extend into openings between atria and ventricles
-permit blood flow in one direction

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26
Q

semilunar vales

A

-pulmonary and aortic valves
-prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

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27
Q

right atrium recives blood from

A

-supeior vena cava (carries blood from head, neck upper lumbs and chest)
-inferior vena cava (carries blood from trunk viscer and lower limbs

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28
Q

foramen ovale

A

-right atrium
-before birth is an opening through interatrial septum
-connects the two atria of fetal heart
-closes at birth eventually forming fossa ovalis

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29
Q

tricuspid valve

A

-three cusps
-prevents backflow of blood

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30
Q

chordae tendineae

A

-prvenet valve from opening backward

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31
Q

path of blood flow photo

A
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32
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

-right ventricle
-muscular ridges on internal surface

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33
Q

moderator band

A

-muscular ridge that delivers stimulus for contraction to papillary muscles

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34
Q

conus arteriosus

A

-at superior end of right ventricle
-ends at the pulmonary valve

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35
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

-start of pulmonary circuit
-divides into left and right pulmonary arteries

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36
Q

left atrium

A

-reicieves blood from left and right pulmonary veins
-blood passes to left ventricle through mitral valve

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37
Q

left ventricle

A

-similar to to right ventricle but does not have moderator band
-blood leaves left ventircle through aortic valve into ascending aorta
-aortic sinuses
-ascending aorta turns to become aortic arch which then becomes descending aorta

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38
Q

aortic sinuses

A

-saclike expansions at base of ascending aorta

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39
Q

blood flow posterior heart photos

A
40
Q

compared to left ventricle, the right ventricle

A

-holds and pumps the same amount of blood
-has thinner walls
-develops less pressure
-is more pouched shaped than round

41
Q

heart valves main purpose

A

-prevent back flow

42
Q

AV valves

A

-between atria and ventricles
-when ventricles contract blood pressure closes valves, papillary muscles contract and tense chordae which prevents backflow of blood

43
Q

semilunar valve

A

-pulmonary and aortic valves
-prevent backflow of blood into ventricles
-no muscular braces

44
Q

valvular heart disease

A

-semilunar valves
-deterioration of valve function
-may develop after cardiits which can result from rheumatic fever

45
Q

coronary circulation

A

-supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart

46
Q

coronary arteries

A

-originates at aortic sinuses
-elevated blood pressure and elastic rebound of aorta maintain blood flow through coronary arteries

47
Q

right coronary artery supplies blood to

A

-right atrium
-portions of both ventricles
-portions of electrical conducting system of heart
-gives rise to marginal arteries, posterior interventricular artery

48
Q

left coronary arter supplies blood to

A

-left ventricle
-left atrium
-interventricular spetim
-gives rise to circumflex artery, anerior interventricular artery

49
Q

photo of heart veins anterior

A
50
Q

posterior photo of heart arteries and veins

A
51
Q

coronary artery disease

A

-arteras of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation
-reduction of blood flow to heart reduces cardiac performance
-usual cause is formation of fatty depost or atherosclerotic plaque in wall of coronary vessel
-blocakge reduces blood flow
-spasms in smooth muscle of vessel wall can further decrease or stop blood flow

52
Q

coronary ischemia

A

-reduced circulatory supplu from partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries

53
Q

angina pectoris

A

-commonly one of the firsy symptoms of CAD
-temporary ischemia develops when workload of heart increases
-individual may feel comfortable at rest
-exertion or emotional stres can produce sensation of pressure chest constriction and pain
-pain may radiate from sternal area to arms, back and neck

54
Q

myocardial infarction

A

-heart attack
-cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen
-death of affected tissue creates non functional area known as an infarct
-most commonly results from severe CAD
-coronary thrombosis

55
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

-thromus formation at a plaque
-most common cause of myocardial infarction

56
Q

consequences of myocardial infarction

A

-consequences depend on site and nature of circulatory blockage
-if near the start of one of the coronary arteries damage will be widespread and heart may stop beating
-if blockage involves small arterial branch individual may survive immediate crisis, may have consequences such as contracility and cardiac arrythmias

57
Q

symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

-intense, perisistent pain, even at rest
-pain is not always felt
-often fiagnoses with ECG and blood studies
-enzymes in blood: cardiac troponin T, cardiac troponin I, CK-MB

58
Q

risk factor of myocardial infarction

A

-stop smoking
-treat high blood pressure
-adjust diet to lower cholerestol and promote weight loss
-reduce stress
-increase physical activity

59
Q

drug treatments of MI are used to

A

-reduce coagulation
-block sympathetic stimulation
-cause vasodilation
-block calcium ion movement into muscle cells
-relieve pain and help dissolve clots

60
Q

atherectomy

A

-long, slender catheter is inserted into coronary artery to remove plauqe

61
Q

balloon angioplasty

A

-tip of catheter contains inflatable balloon
-inflated balloon presses plauqe against vessel walls
-plaques commonly redevelop
-stend may ve inserted to hold vessel open

62
Q

CABG

A

-small section of another vessel removed
-up to four coronary arteries can be rerouted during a single operation

63
Q

heartbeat

A

-a single cardiac contraction
-all heart chambers contract in series (first the atria then ventricles)

64
Q

types of cardiac muscle cells

A

-autorhytmic cells - control and coordinate heartbeat
-contractile cells - produce contractions that propel blood

65
Q

conducting system

A

-consists of specialized cardiac muscle
-initiate and distribute electrical impulses that stimulate contraction

66
Q

autorhytmicity

A

-cardiac muscle tissue contracts without nueral or hormonal stimulation

67
Q

conducting cells found in

A

-conducting cells found in internodal pathways of atria, AV bundle, bundle of branches. purkinje fibers

68
Q

pacemaker cells found in

A

-SA node in wall of right atrium
-AV node - at junction between atria and ventricles

69
Q

pacemaker potenital

A

-gradual depolarization of pacemaker cells (do not have stable resting membrane potential)
-SA node - 60-100 AP/minute
-AV node - 40-60 AP/minute

70
Q

which node depolarizes first

A

-SA node
-establishes sinus rhythem

71
Q

impulse conduction through the heart

A

-SA node activity and atrial activation begin
-Stimulus spreads across atria and reaches AV node
-impulse is delayed for 100 msec at AV node (atrial contraction begins)
-impulse travels in AV bundle to left and right bundle branches in interventricular septime
-to purkinje fibers and papillar muscles via moderator band
-purkinje fibers distribute impulse to ventricular myocardium (QRS complex)
-atrial contraction is completed
-ventricular contraction begins

72
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate

73
Q

tachycardia

A

-abnormally fast heart rate

74
Q

ectopic pacemaker

A

-abnormal cells generate high rate of action potential
-bypasses conducting system
-disrupts timing of ventricular contraction

75
Q

electrocardiogram

A

-a recording of electrical events in the heart
-obtained by placing electrodes at specific locations on body surface
-abnormal patterns used to diagnose damage

76
Q

intercalated discs

A

-interconnect cardiac contractile cells
-membranes of adjacent cells are held together by desmosomes and linked by gap junctions
-transfer force of contraction from cell to cell
-propagate action potentials

77
Q

characteristics of cardiac contractile cells

A

-small size
-single central nucleus
-branching interconnections between cells
-intercalated discs

78
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A

-systole
-diastole

79
Q

cardiac cycle diagram

A
80
Q

heart sounds

A

-S1= loud sound as AV valves close
-S2 = loud sound as semilunar valves close
-S3, S4 - soft sounds (blood flowing into ventricles for atrial contraction)

81
Q

heart murmur

A

-sounds produced by regurgiattion through valves

82
Q

placement of stethoscope for listeining to different sounds produced by individual valves

A
83
Q

factors affecting heart rate

A

-autonomic activity
-curculating hormones

84
Q

autonomic innevration of the heart

A

-cardiac plexus innervates the heart
-vagus nerve carry parasymptahteic fibers to small ganglia in cardiac plexus

85
Q

cardiac centers of medulla obolongata

A

-cardioacceleratory center controls sympathetic neurons that increase HR
-cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic nuerons that slow HR

86
Q

cardiac reflexes

A

-cardiac centers monitor blood pressire, monitor arterial oxygen and CO2 levels, and adjust cardiac activity

87
Q

autonomic tone

A

-maintained by dual innervation and release of ACh and NE
-fine adjustments meet needs of other systems

88
Q

autonomic innervation of heart photo

A
89
Q

heart rate increased by what hormones

A

-Epinephrin
-Norepinephrin
-Thyroid hormone

90
Q

sympathetic stimulation

A

-NE released by cardiac nerves
-E and NE released by adrenal medullae
-cause ventricles to contract with more force
-increases ejection fraction and decreases ESV

91
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

A

-ACh released by vagus nerves
-reduces force of cardiac contractions

92
Q

pharmeucuetical drugs that mimic hormone actions

A

-stimulate or block alpha or beta receptors
-block calcium channel

93
Q

summary of factors affecting cardiac output

A
94
Q

cardiovascular regulation

A

-ensure adequate circulation to body tissues

95
Q

cardiac centers

A

control heart rate and peripheral blood vessels

96
Q

cardiovasciular system responds to

A

-changing activity patterns
-circulatory emergencies

Anatomy (21 decks)

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