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Anatomy > Bones and Bone Structures > Flashcards

Bones and Bone Structures Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal system includes

A

-bone of the skeleton
-cartilages, ligaments and other conenctive tissues

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2
Q

5 primary functions of the skeletal system

A

-support
-storage of minerals
-blood cell production
-protection
-leverage

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3
Q

bones are classfieid by their

A

-shape
-structure

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4
Q

6 bone shapes

A

-sutural
-irregular
-short
-flat
-long
-sesamoid

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5
Q

sutural bones

A

-small, flat irregularly shaped bones
-between flat bones of the skull
-number varies among individuals

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6
Q

irregular bones

A

-complex shapes
-spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones

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7
Q

short bones

A

boxy
-carpal bones, and tarsal bones

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8
Q

flat bones

A

-thin with paralell surfaces
-bones of skill roof, sternum, ribs and scapulae

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9
Q

long bones

A

-long and slender
-found in arms, legs, palms, soled, fingers, toes

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10
Q

sesamoid bones

A

-small, round glat
-develop within tendons near joints of knees, hands and feet
-location and number vary between individuals
-patellae

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11
Q

types of bone markings

A

-projections
-openings and deprssions

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12
Q

projections

A

-where muscles , tendons and ligaments attach
-at articulations with other bones
-processes and ramus

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13
Q

opening and dpressions

A

-for passage of blood vessels and nerves
-openings: sinus, foramen, fissue, meatus, canal

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14
Q

process

A

projection or bump

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15
Q

ramus

A

-part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure

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16
Q

sinus

A

-champer within a bone
-normally filled with air

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17
Q

foramen

A

-rounded passageway for blood vessels and or nerves

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18
Q

fissure

A

-deep furrow, cleft or slit

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19
Q

meatus

A

-passage or channel
-especially the opening of a canal

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20
Q

canal

A

duct or channel

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21
Q

depressions

A

-sulcus
-fossa

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22
Q

projections where muscles tendons or ligaments attach

A

-trochanter
-crst
-spine
-line
-tubercle
-tuberosity

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23
Q

projections for forming joints

A

-head
-neck
-facet
-condyle
-trochlea

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24
Q

head

A

expanded articular end of spihysis often seperated from the shaft by a narrower neck

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25
Q

neck

A

narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis

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26
Q

facet

A

-small, flat articular surface

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27
Q

condyle

A

smooth rounded articular process

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28
Q

trochlea

A

smooth grooved, articular process shaped like a pulley

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29
Q

trochanter

A

large rough projection

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30
Q

crest

A

-prominent ridge

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31
Q

spine

A

pointed proces

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32
Q

line

A

low ridge

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33
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded projection

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34
Q

tuberosity

A

rough projection

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35
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

36
Q

fossa

A

-shallow depression

37
Q

structure of a long bone

A

-diaphysis (shaft)
-epihysis (wide part at each end)
-metaphyssis

38
Q

diaphysis

A

wall of compact bone
-central spce called medullary cavity for marrow

39
Q

epiphysis

A

mostly spongy bone

40
Q

metaphysis

A

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

41
Q

structure of flat bones

A

-consist of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
-within the ctanium, the layer of spongy bone is called the diploe

42
Q

bone tissue

A

-dense supportive connective tissie
-contains specialized cells
-solid extracellular matrix with collagen fibres

43
Q

characteristics of bone

A

-dense matric (calcium deposits)
-osteocytes with lacunae organized around blood vessels
-canaliculi
-periosteum

44
Q

canaliculi

A

narrow passageway that allow for exchange of nutrients waste and gases

45
Q

periosteum

A

cover outer surgace of bones (except at joints)
-consist of outer fibrous and inner cellular layer

46
Q

bone matrix

A

-calcium phosphate
-CaPh interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystal hydroxyapetit
-a bone lacking a calcified matric looks normal but is flexible

47
Q

matrix proteins

A

-about one third of bone mass is collagen fibres

48
Q

four types of bone cells

A

-oseogenic cells
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

49
Q

osteogenic cells

A

-mesenchymal cells that divide to proudce osteoblasts
-located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in endosteum
-assist in fracture repair

50
Q

osteoblasts

A

-immature
-producuce new bone matrix during osteogenesis
-osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become osteocytes

51
Q

osteoid

A

-matrix produced by osteoblasts that has not yet become calcified

52
Q

osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells that do not divide
-live in lacunae
-have vcytoplasmis extensions that pass through canaliculi

53
Q

two major functions of osteocytes

A

-mantain protein and mineral content of matrix
-help repair damaged bone

54
Q

osteoclasts

A

-absorb and remove bone matrix
-large multinucleated cells
-secretes acid and protein digesting enzymes (osteolysis)
-derived from the same stem cells that produce monocytes and macrophages

55
Q

osteon

A

-finctional unit of compact bone
-contains central canal, perforating canals, and lamellae

56
Q

central canal

A

-contains blood vessels

57
Q

perforating canals

A

-perpendicular to surface of bone
-carry blood vessels into deep bone and marrow

58
Q

lamellae

A

-layers of bone matrix
-concentric lamellae surround central canal
-interstitial lamellae fill spaces between osteons
-circumferential lamellae are at outer and inner bone surfaces

59
Q

spongy bone lacks

A

osteons

60
Q

spongy bone matrix forms

A

open network of trabeculae which lack capillaries and venules
-red bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae

61
Q

where is yellow bone marrow found

A

-parts other than the spongy bone
-stores fat

62
Q

weight bearing bone physics thing

A

-trabeculae in epiphysis of femur transfer forces from pelvis to compact bone of femoral shaft
-medial side of shaft compresses
-causing tension on the lateral side

63
Q

periosteum

A

-membrane that covers outside of bones
-not within joing cavtieis
-outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
-fibers interwoven with those tendons
-perforating fibers are incorperated into bone tissue

64
Q

function of periosteum

A

-isokated bone from surrounding tissue
-probides a route for blood vessels and nerves
-participates in bone growth and repair

65
Q

endosteum

A

-incomplete cellular layer that lines medullary cavity
-active in bone growth repair and remodelling
-covers trabecular of spongy bone
-lines central canals of compact bone
-consists of flattened layer of osteogenic cells

66
Q

fractures

A

crack or break in bones due to physical strss
-open and closed

67
Q

major types of fractures

A

-transverse
-displaced
-compression
-spiral
epiphyseal
-comminuted
-greenstick
-colles
-pottes

68
Q

transverse

A

-transects the bone all the way through

69
Q

displaced fracture

A

-pieces of bone ar eno longer together
-needs to be set

70
Q

compression fracture

A

often to do with spine
-stress has compressed them

71
Q

spiral fracture

A

-twist motion to it

72
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A
73
Q

comminuted fracture

A

-lots of fragments

74
Q

greenstick fracture

A

-young children with soft bones
-split one one side

75
Q

colles fracture

A

-wrist

76
Q

potts fracture

A
77
Q

4 steps to fracture repair

A

-hematoma formation
-callus formation
-spongy bone formation
-compact bone formatin

78
Q

hematoma formation of fracture repair

A

-large blood clot formation
-establishment of fibrous network
-bone cells in the area die

79
Q

callus formation of fracture repair

A

-cells of the endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone
-calluses stabalize the break (internal calluses in medullary cavity and external callus of cartilage and bones surrounds the break)

80
Q

spongy bone formation of fracture repair

A

-osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

81
Q

compact bone formation of fracture repair

A

-required bone may be slightly thickr and stronger than normal

82
Q

osteopenia

A

inadequate ossification
-ages 30-40
-women lose bone mass (8% per decade while men are 3%)
-epiphyses vertebrae and jaws are most affected

83
Q

osteoporosis

A

-severe loss of bone madd
-compromises normal function
-over age 45, 29% of women are affected and 18% of men

84
Q

hormones and bone loss

A

-sex hormones help maintain bone mass
0in women, osteoporosis accelerated after menopauce

85
Q

cancer and bone loss

A

-cancerous tissue release osteoclat activatinf factor which stimulates osteoclasts and produces servere osteoporosis

Anatomy (10 decks)

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