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Anatomy > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

-skeletal muscle
-cardia
-smooth

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2
Q

general description of muscle tissue

A

-specialized for contraction
-skeletal muslces move body by pulling on bones
-cardiac and smooth muscles control movements inside the body

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3
Q

common properties of skeletal muscle tissue

A

-excitability
-contractility
-extensibility
-elasticity

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4
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

-movement
-posture and body position
-supporting soft tissues
-guarding body entrances ande xits
-maintaing body temperature
-storing nutrients

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5
Q

skeletal muscle contains

A

-skeletal muscle tissue
-connective tisssue
-blood vessels
-nerves

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6
Q

three layers of connective tissues of skeletal muscle

A

-epimysium
-perimysium
-endomysium

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7
Q

levels of functional organization in a skeletal muscle tissue

A
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8
Q

epimysium

A

-layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the muscle
-connected to deep fascia
-seperates muscle from surrounding tissues

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9
Q

perimysium

A

-surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
-contains: collagen fibers, elastic fibres, blood vessels, nerves

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10
Q

endomysium

A

-surrounds individual muscle cells
-contains: capillaru networks myosatellite cells that can repair damage, nerve fibres

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11
Q

collagen fibers of epimysium, perimysium and endomysium come together

A

-at ends of muscles to form tendon or aponeurosis
-to attach skeletal muscles to bones

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12
Q

skeletal muscle overview

A
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13
Q

muscle fascicile overview

A
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14
Q

vacular networks of skeletal muscle

A

-deliver oxygen and nutrients
-remove metabolic wastes

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15
Q

when does the skeletal muscle contract

A

-when stimulated by CNS
-voluntary muscles
-diaphragm works subconsciously

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16
Q

muscle fibre overview

A
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17
Q

general characteristics of skeletal muscle fibres

A

-enourmous compared to other cells
-contain hundreds of nuclei
-develop by fusion of embryonic cells (myoblasts)
-also known as striated muscle tissue

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18
Q

sarcolemma

A

-surrounds sarcoplasma
-change in membrane potentail causing the muscle fibre to contract

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19
Q

t-tubules

A

-extend from surface of muscle fibres to deep into sarcoplam
-transmit action poteintial from sarcolemma into cell interior

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20
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

-similar to endoplasmic reticulum
-forms chambers attached to t tubules
-storgae of calcium ions

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21
Q

myfilaments

A

-thin-actin
-thick- myosin

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22
Q

sarcomere

A
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23
Q

sliding filament theory

A

during contraction
-1. H bands and I bands narrow
2. zones of overlap widen
3. Z lines move closer together
4. width of A band remains constant
thus thin filaments must slide toward center of sarcomere

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24
Q

free ends and shortening during contraction

A

-when both ends are free to move the ends of a contracting muscle fibre move toward the center of the muscle fibre
-when one end of a myfibril is fixed in position the free end is pulled toward the fixed end

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25
Q

control of skeletal muscle activity

A
  1. cytoplasm of the axon terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of Ach
    2.stimulus for ACh release is the arrival of an electrical impusle or AP.
    3.When the action potential reaches the nuerons acon terminal, permebaility changes in its membrane trigger the exocytosis of ACh into the synaptic cleft. Exocytosis occurs as vesicles fuse with the nuerons plasma membrane
  2. ACh bind to the receptor membrane channels. ACh binding opens the membrane channel on the surface of the motor end plate and sodium rushes in
  3. sudden inrush of soidum ions makes an action potential
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26
Q

length tension relationship

A

tension produced by a muscle fiber relates to the length of the sarcomere

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27
Q

tension production

A

-length tension relationship
-the number of contracting sarcomeres in amuscle fiber is fixed so a muscle fiber is eithe producing tension or relaxed

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28
Q

the amount of tension produced depends on the

A

-number of power stroked performed
-fibers resting length at time of stimulation
-frequency of stimulation

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29
Q

force

A

maximum amount of tenion produced

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29
Q

endurance

A

-the amount of time an acitvity can be sustained

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30
Q

fast fibres

A

-majority of skeletal msucle fibres
-contract very quickly
-large diameter
-large glycogen reseves
-few mitochondria
-produce strong contractions but fatigue quickly

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30
Q

force and endurface depend on

A

-the types of muscle fibers
-physical conditioning

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31
Q

three types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

-fast fibers
-slow fibres
-intermediate fibres

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32
Q

most human muscles are red or white

A

a mixutre of both

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32
Q

slow fibres

A

-slow to contract and slow to fatigue
-small diameter
-numerous mitochondria
-high oxygen supply from extsnive capillary netowrk
-contain myoglobin that binds oxygen

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33
Q

intermediate fibres

A

-are mid sized
-little myoglobin
-slower to fatigue than fast fibres

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34
Q

white muscles

A

-mostly fast fibres

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35
Q

red muscles

A

mostly slow fibres

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36
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

-growht form heavy trianing that causes an increase in the diameter oof muscle fibres number of myofibrils number of mithocochondria and glycogen reserves

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37
Q

muscle atrophy

A

reduction of muscle size, tone and power due to lack of activity

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38
Q

changes in muscle tissue as we age

A

-skeletal muscle fibres become smaller ind iameter
-skeletal muscles becomes less elastic (fibrosis)
-tolerance for excersize decreases
-ability to recover form muscle inuries decreases

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39
Q

muscle fatigue

A

muscles can no longer perform at required level

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40
Q

what is muscle fatigue correlated with

A

-depletion of metbaolic resevers
-damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplamic reticulum
decline in pH which affect calcium bidnign and laters enzyme activites
-weariness due to low blood pH an dpain

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41
Q

anaerobic endurance

A

-50 metrer dash, wight lifting
0uses fast fibres and stimulates hypertrophy
-improves by frequent brief intesive workouts

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42
Q

intercalated discs

A

-specialized connections
-join sarcolemmas of asjacent cardiac muscle cells by gap junctions and desmososmes

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42
Q

aerobic endurance

A

-prolonged acities
0supported by mitochondria
-does not stimulate muscle hypertrophy
-training involves sustained low levels of activity

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43
Q

improvement of aerobic endurance results from

A

-alterations in the characteristics of muscle fibers
-improvements in cardiovascular performace

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44
Q

cardiac muscles cells general description

A

-found only in the heart
-have excitable membranes
-striated like skeletal muscle cells

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45
Q

strucutral characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A

-small
typically branched with single nucleus
-have short wide T tubules
-have SR with no terminal cisternae
0are almost totally dependnt on aerobic metabolusm
-connect with eachother via intercalated discs

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46
Q

functions of intercalated discs

A

-stablizing positiojns of adjacent cells
-maintaining 3D strucutre of tissue
-allowing ions to move from one cells to another so cardiac muscles beat in rythym

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47
Q

cardiac muscle tissue photo

A
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48
Q

functional characteristics of caridac muscle tissue

A

-automacity
-nervous system can alter pace and tension of contractions
-contractions last ten times longer than those in skeletal muscle and refractory periods are longer
-wave summation and tetanic contractions are prevented due to special properties of the sarcolemma

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49
Q

automacity

A

-contraction without nueral stimulation
-controlled by pacemaker cells

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50
Q

structural characteristics of smooth muscle

A

-long slender spindle shaped cells
-single central nucleus
-no t tubules myofibrils or sarcomeres
-nonstriated
-sscattered thick filaments with many myosin heads
-thin filaments attache to dense bodies
-no tendons or aponeurosis

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50
Q

where is smooth muscle tissue found

A

-integ system -arrector pilli muslce
-cardio system - regulated blood pressure and airflow
-dogestive and urinary stsem - form sphincters and move materials
-reproductive system - transports gamtes and expels fetus

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50
Q

dense bodeis

A

-conenct adjacent smooth muscle cells transmitting contraction

51
Q

smooth muscle photo

A
52
Q

length tension relationship of smooth muscle

A

-lacks sarcomeres
-tension and resting length are not directly related
-evens tretched smooth muscle can contract (plastciity)

52
Q

functional characterustics of smooth muscle

A

differs from other muscle tissue in
-excitation - ocntraction coupling
-length tension relationship
-control of contractions
-smooth muscle tone

53
Q

excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle tissue

A

-free calcium in cytoplasm triggers contraction
-calcium ions bind to cal modulin and acitvates mysoin light chain kinase which allows mysoin head to ac=ttach to actin

54
Q
A
54
Q

visceral smooth muscle cells control of contractions

A

-not connected to motor nuerons
-arranged in sheets of layers
-rhythmic cyles of activity are controlled by pacesetter cells

55
Q

plasticity

A

-the ability to function over a wide range of lengths

55
Q

-multiunit smooth muscle cells control of contractions

A

-innervated motor units
-each cell may be connected to more than one motor nueorn

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A
56
Q

smooth muscle tone

A

-normal background level of activity
-can be decreased by nueral hormonal or chemical factors

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Anatomy (23 decks)

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