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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are joints

A

-where two bones meet
-where body movement occurs

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2
Q

what is the trade off with joints

A

between strength and mobility

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3
Q

classification schemes of joints

A

-structural (fibrous, cartilaginous, bony, synovial)
-functional (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis)

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4
Q

syn di and amphiarthrosis meaning

A

synarthrosis - immovable
-amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
-diartrhosis - freely movable

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5
Q

synarthrois joints

A

-immovable
-very strong
-edges of bones may touch or interlock
-may be fibrous or cartilaginous
-4 types ( suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synostosis)

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6
Q

suture

A

-synarthrotic joint
-found only between bones of skull
-edges of bones interlock
-bound by dense fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

gomphosis

A

-synarthrotic joint
-binds teeth to bony sockets
-fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)

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8
Q

synchondrosis

A

-synarthrotic joint
-rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
-found between vertebrosternal ribs and sternu
-epiphyseal cartilage of growing long bones

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9
Q

synostosis

A

-synarthrotic joint
-created when two bones fuse
-metopic suture of frontal bone
-epiphyseal lines of mature long bones

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10
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

-more mobale
-stronger than diarthrosis
-may be fibrous or cartilaginous
-two types (syndesmosis (ligament connects), symphysis ( bones connectied by fibrocartilage))

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11
Q

synovial joints

A

-diarthrotic (freely movable)
-at ends of long bones
-surrounded by joint capsule which contains the synovial membrane
-synovial fluid from the synovial membrane fills the joint cavity
-articular cartilage covers articulating surfaces and prevents direct contact between bones

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12
Q

joint photo

A
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13
Q

detailed joint photo

A
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14
Q

synovial fluid

A

-egg yolk consistants
-has proteoglycans
-lubricate, nutrient distribution, shock absorption

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15
Q

synovial joints movement and stabalization

A

-mobile but relatively weak
-stabalized by: cartilages and fat pads, ligaments, tendons, bursae

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16
Q

cartilages of the knee

A

meniscus - fibrocartilage pad between oppsoing bones

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17
Q

fat pads of the synovial joint

A

-adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
-protect articular cartilages

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18
Q

ligaments of the synovial joint

A

-support and strengthen joints
-sprain is a ligament with torn collagen fibres

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19
Q

tendons of the synovial joint

A

-attach to muscles around joint

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20
Q

bursae of the synovial joint

A

-small pockets of synovial fluid
-cushions areas where tendons or ligaemtns rub against other tissues

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21
Q

factors that stabalize synovial joints

A

-imitation of range of motion by:
-collagen fubres of joint capsule and ligaments
-shapes of articulating surfaces and menisci
-other bones, muscles or fat pads
-tendons attached to articulating bones

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22
Q

planes of movement

A

-monoaxial - elbow
-biaxial - wrist
-triaxial - shoulder

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23
Q

types of movement at synovial joints

A

-gliding movement
-angular movement
-circumduction
-rotational movement
-special movement

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24
Q

gliding movement

A

-when two flat surfaces slide past each other
-between carpal bones

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25
Q

angular movement

A

-flexion and extension are movements of the anterior-posterior plane
-adduction and abduction are movements in the frontal plane

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26
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle between articulating bones

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27
Q

extension

A

increases the angle between articulating bones

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28
Q

hyperextension

A

-extension past the anatomical position

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29
Q

abduction

A

-movement away from the longitudinal axis

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30
Q

adduction

A

-movement toward the longitudinal axis

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31
Q

circumduction

A

-complete circular movement without rotation

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32
Q

rotation movement

A

-rotation in reference to anatomical positon
0kimb rotation is relative to longitudinal axis of the body

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33
Q

medial rotation

A

-internal rotation toward long axis
-lateral rotation is external rotation away from the body

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34
Q

pronation

A

rotates forearm so that radius rolls across the ulna
-results in palm facing posteriorly

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35
Q

supination

A

turns palm anteriorly
-forearm is supinated in anatomical position

36
Q

special movements

A

-inversion - twists sole of foot medially
-eversion - twists sole of foot laterally
-dorsiflexion - lifting toes - flexion at ankle
-plantar flexion -extension at ankle (pointing toes)
-opposition - movement of thumb toward palm or other fingers
-reposition - opposite of opposition
-protraction -anterior movement in horizontal plane
-retraction - opposite of protraction
-depression 0 move strucutre inferiorly
-elevation - move structure superiorly
-lateral flexion - bending vertebral colony to side

37
Q

classficiation of synovial joints

A

-plane (gliding)
-hinge
-condylar (ellipsoid)
-saddle
-pivot
-ball and socket

38
Q

plane joint

A

-flattened or slightly curved surfaces
-limited motion (nonaxial)
-acromio lavicular joint
-intercarpal joint
-vertebrocostal joints
-sacroiliac joint

39
Q

hinge joint

A

-angular motion in a single plane (monoaxial)
-elbow
-knww
-ankle
-interphalangeal joint

40
Q

condylar joint

A

-oval articular surface within a depression
-motion in two planes (biaxial)
-radiocarpal joint
-metacarophalangeal joint 2-5
-metatrarsophalangeal joints

41
Q

saddle joint

A

-articular face fit together like rider in a saddle
-biaxial
-thumb joint
-angular movement

42
Q

pivot joint

A

-rotational only
-monaxial
-rotational
-atlanto-axial joint
-

43
Q

ball and socket joint

A

-round head in a cup shaped depression
-triaxial
-shoulder joint and hip joint
-angular, circumduction and rotation
-triaxial

44
Q

intervertebral joints

A

-first two cervical vertebrae are joined by a synovial joint
-synovial joints lie between adjacent articular processes
-advajent vertebral boes form symphyses

45
Q

intervertebral disc components

A

-seperates vertebral bodies
-anulus fibrosus
-nucelus pulposus
-vertebral end plates

46
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

-tough outer layer of fibrocartilage
-attaches disc to vertebrae

47
Q

nucelus pulposus

A

-elastic gelatanous core
-absorbs shock

48
Q

vertebral end plates of cartilage

A

-cover superior and inferior surfaces of discs

49
Q

damages to invertebral discs

A

-bulging discs
-herniated disc

50
Q

bulging disc

A

-bulge in anulus fibrosus
-invased vertebral canal

51
Q

herniated disc

A

-nucleus pulposus breakes through anulus fibrosus
-compresses spinal nerves

52
Q

invertebral ligaments function

A

-bind vetebrae together
-stabalize the vertebral column

53
Q

invertebral ligaments

A

-ligamenta flava - connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae
-posterior longitudinal ligament - connects posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
-anterior longitudinal ligament - connects anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies- connect spinous process of adjacent vertebrae
-supraspinous ligament - connects tips of spinous processes

54
Q

vertebral movements

A

-flexion
-xtension
-lateral flexion
-rotation

55
Q

elbow joint

A

-hing joint
-articulations involve humerus radius and ulna

56
Q

joints of the elbow

A

-humero-ulnar joint
-humeroradial joint

57
Q

humero-ulnar joint

A

-largest strongest joint at elbow
-between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
-limited movement

58
Q

humeroradial joint

A

-smaller joint
-articulation between capitulum of humerus and head of radius

59
Q

structures of the elbow

A

-biceps brachii muscle attaches to radial tuberosity and controls elbow motion
-elbow ligaments include radial collateral, anular, ulnar collateral

60
Q

elbow ligaments

A
61
Q

knee joint

A

-complex hing joint
-transfers weight from femur to tibia
-three articulations - two femur tibia articulations at the medial and lateral condyles and one between patella and patellar surface of femur

62
Q

joint capsule and joint cavity of the knee

A

-medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage pads at femur tibia articulations which cushion and stabalize joint

63
Q

seven major supporting ligaments for the knee

A

-patellar ligament (anterior)
-two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
-anterior cruciate ligament
-posterior cruciate ligament
-tibial collateral ligament (medial)
-fibular collateral ligament (lateral

64
Q

knee tendons

A
65
Q

deep anterior view of the knee ligaments

A
66
Q

shoulder joint

A

-glenohumeral joint
-ball and socket diarthrosis
-between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
-greatest range of motion of any joint
-most frequently dislocated
-supported by skeletal muscles, tendons and ligaments

67
Q

glenoid labrum

A

-rim of fibrocartilage
-etends beyond bony rim and deepends socket of glenoid cavity
-part of the joint cavity of the shoulder

68
Q

acromion and coracoid process of scapula

A

-project laterally, superior to humerus
-help stabalize the joint

69
Q

5 shoulder ligaments

A

-acromioclavicular
-coracoclavicular
-coraco-acromial
-coracohumeral
-glenohumeral

70
Q

shoulder seperation

A

-partial or complete dislocation of acromioclavicaular joint

71
Q

muscles of the rotator cuff

A

-supraspinatus
-infraspinatus
-teres minor
-subscapularis

72
Q

shoulder bursae

A

-subdeltoid
-subcoracoid
-subacromial
-subscapular

73
Q

anterior view of the shoulder

A
74
Q

lateral view of the pectoral girdle

A
75
Q

hip joint

A

-between head of femur anda acetabulum of hip bone
-diarthrosis
-wide range of motion-avetabular labrum

76
Q

acetabular labrum

A

-rim of fibrocartilage
-increases depth of joint cavity
-seals in synovial fluid

77
Q

ligaments of the hip joint

A

-iliofemoral
-pubofemoral
-ischiofemoral
-transverse acetabular
-ligament of the femoral head

78
Q

hip bone ligaments picture

A
79
Q

rheumatism

A

-pain and stiffness in musculoskeletal system

80
Q

arthritis

A

-all rhuematic diseases that affect synovial joints

81
Q

osteoarthritis

A

-caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces or genetic factors affecting collagen formation
-people over 60

82
Q

rhuematoid arthritis

A

-inflammatory condition
-immune system attacks joint tissue

83
Q

goulty arthritis

A

crystals of uric acid form within synovial fluid

84
Q

joint immobilization

A

can cause degenerative changes
-reduced flow of synovial fluid
-can cause symptoms of arthritis
-treared by continous passive motion

85
Q

factors affecting the balance between bone formation and recycling

A

-age
-physical stresses
-hormone levels
-calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
-genetic or environmental factors

86
Q

other systems interact with the skeletal systems

A

-muscles attach to bones
-bones controlled by endocrine system
-digestive and urinary systems provide calcium and phosphate minerals to bone growth
-skeleton serves as a reserve for calcium, phosphate and other minerals

Anatomy (10 decks)

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