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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

-provide extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
-move air to and from exhange surfaces of lungs
-protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration temperature changes and pathogens
-produce sounds
-detects odors with olfactory receptors in nasal cavity

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2
Q

upper respiratory system consists of

A

-nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinusess and pharynx

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3
Q

lower respiratory stsem consists of

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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4
Q

conducting portion of the respiratory tract

A
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5
Q

alveoli

A

-air filled pockets within lungs
-where all gas exchange takes place

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5
Q

respiratory portion of the respiratory tract

A

-smallest respiratory broncholes and alveoli

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6
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

-lines conducting portion of respiratory stsem
-consists of an epithelium, areolar tissue (lamina propria)

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7
Q

functions of the respiratory defense system

A

-a series of filtration mechanisms
-removes particles and pathogens from inhaled air

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8
Q

lamina propria

A

-in upper resp, trachea, and bronchi contains mucous glands that discharge secretions onto epithelial surface
-in conducting portion of lower resp sys, contains smooth muscle cells that encircle lumen of broncholes

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9
Q

what type of epithelium is nasal cavity and superior portion of pharynx

A

-psuedostratified ciliar columnar epithelium with numerous mucous cells

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10
Q

inferior portion of pharynx epithelium

A

-stratified squamous

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11
Q

superior portion of lower respiratory system epithelium

A

-psuedostratified coliated columnar epithelium

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12
Q

smaller broncholes type of epithelium

A

-cuboidal epithelium with scattered cilia

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13
Q

alveolar epithelium

A

-lines exchange surfaces of alveoli
-very delicate, simple squamous epithelium
-contains scattered specialized cells

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14
Q

respiratory defense system

A

-filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
-mucous cells and mucous glands
-cilia -sweep toward pharynx
-alveolar macrophages engulf small particles

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15
Q

nose

A

-passageay for air
-nares =nostrils
-air goes from nares to nasal vestibule

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16
Q

nasal haris

A

-in epithelium of nasal vestibule
-trap large particles in air

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17
Q

nasal septum

A

-divides nasal cavity into two
-anterior portion supports dorsum of nose and apex of nose

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18
Q

what portion of nasal vaity is the olfactory region

A

-superior portion

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19
Q

mucus produced

A

paranasal sinuses

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20
Q

tears function

A

-clean and moiston the nasal cavity

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21
Q

air flow

A

-from vestibule to choanae through superior, middle and inferior nasal meatuses
-meatuses are narrow passageways that produce turbulence-

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22
Q

-purpose of turbulence in the meatuses

A

-trap particles in mucus
-warm and humidify incoming air
-bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors`

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23
Q

hard palate

A

-forms floor of nasal cavity
-seperates nasal and oral cavities

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24
Q

soft palate

A

-extends posterior to hard palate
-divides superior nasopharynx from rest of pharynx

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25
Q

upper respiratory tract photo

A
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26
Q

what does breathing through the mouth bypass

A

-warming and humidifying air my nasal mucosa

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27
Q

nosebleed

A

-fairly common due to extensive vascularization of nasal cavity

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28
Q

pharynx

A

-chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
-extends between choanae and entrances to larynx and esophagus

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29
Q

pharynx divided into

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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30
Q

nasopharynx

A

-superior portion of pharynx
-pharyngeal tonsil and pharyngeal openings of audiotry tibes

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31
Q

oropharynx

A

-connects directly to oral cavity

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32
Q

laryngopharynx

A

-inferior portion of pharynx
-between hyoid bone and entrance to larynx and esophagus

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33
Q

air flow from pharynx to larynx through

A

-glottis (slit like opening between vocal cords)

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34
Q

three unpaired cartilages that form the larynx

A

-thyroid cart, cricoid cart epiglottis

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35
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

-hyaline
-walls of larynx (anterior and lateral)
-anterior surface - adams apple/laryngeal prominence
-ligaments attach to hyoid bone, epiglottis and smaller laryngeal cartilages

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36
Q

cricoid cartilages

A

-hyaline
-posterior portion of larynx
-ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage
-articulates with arytenoid cartilages

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37
Q

epiglottis

A

-elastic cartilage
-covers glottis when swallowing
-ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

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38
Q

thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect

A

-glottis and entrance to trachea

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39
Q

during swallowing what happens in lower resp tract

A

-larynx is elevated
-epiglottis folds back over glottis to prevent food and liquids from entering resp tract

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40
Q

three pairs of smaller hyaline cartilages in larynx

A

-arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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41
Q

corniculate and arytenoid cartilages function in

A

-opening and closing of glottis
-production of sound

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42
Q

ligaments of larynx

A

-vestibular ligaemtns and vocal ligament

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43
Q

vestibular ligaments

A

-lie within vestibular folds
-protect vocal folds of glottis
-vocal folds are involved with production of sound, so are also known as vocal cords

44
Q

sound production

A

-air passing through glottis vibrates vocal folds producing sound waves
-voluntary muscles reposition arytenoid cartilages to control tension of vocal folds and alter pitch

45
Q

speech is produced by

A

-phonation - sound production at larynx
-articulation - sound modification with lips, tongue and teeth

46
Q

larynx is associated with two sets of muscles

A

-muscles of neck and pharynx that position and stabalize larynx
-smaller intrinsic muscles that control tension in vocal folds and open and close glottis

47
Q

trachea

A

-tough flexible tube
-extends from circoid cartilage to mediastinum
-has submucosa
-contain 15-20 C shaped tracheal cartilages

48
Q

submucosa

A

-trachea
-thick layer of connective tissue
-surrounds mucosa
-contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions

49
Q

purpose of tracheal cartilages

A

-stiffen tracheal walls and protect airway
-discontious where trachea contacts esophagus allowing distortion of tracheal wall when swallowing

50
Q

ends of tracheal cartilages are connected by

A

-elastic anular ligament
-trachealis muscle

51
Q

bronchial tree

A

-right main bronchus and left main bronchus
-each divides to form lobar bronchi
-each lobar bronchi splits to form segmental bronchi

52
Q

what does the segmental bronchus do

A

-supplies air to one bronchopulmonary segment
-right lung have 10 segments
-left lung has 8 or 9 segments

53
Q

carina of trachea

A

-anatomical landmark for x rays
-ridge thats eperates openings of right and left main bronchi at their junction iwth trachea

54
Q

what happens to walls of main, lobar and segmental bronchi as you mover inferiorly

A

-contain less cartilage and more smooth muscle
-degree of smooth muscle tension affects bronchiole diameter and resistance to airflow

55
Q

bronchitis

A

–inflammation and constriction of bronchi and bronchioles due to infection causing breathing difficulty

56
Q

bronchioles

A

-each segmental bronchus branches into bronchioles
-bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
-bronchioles have no cartilage

57
Q

how does ANS control luminal diameter

A

-by regulating smooth muscle
-ANS also controls airflow to lunchs

58
Q

bronchodilation

A

-synpathetic activation
-larger dimete of airway
reduces resistance to airflow

59
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

-reduces luminal diameter of airway
-caused by PSNS and histamine release

60
Q

asthma

A

-excessive stimulation of smooth muscles causing severe bronchoconstriction that restricts airflow

61
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

-terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles
-respiratory broncholes are connectived to alveoli along alveolar ducts
-alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs
-each alevolus has an extensive netowrk of capillaries surrounded by elastic fibers

62
Q

alveolar cell layer

A

-mainly simple squamous epithelium that is formed by pneumocytes type I
-site of gas exchange
-patrikked by alveolar macrophages
-containes pneumocytes type II that produce surfactant

63
Q

surfactant

A

-oily secretion
-contains phospholipids and proteins
-coats alveolar surface and reudces surface tension

64
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

-alveoli collapse after each exchalation
-caused by inadequate amounts of surfactant due to injury or genetic abnormalities

65
Q

blood air barrier

A

-gas exchange occurs across blood air barrier of laveoli
-consist of: aleolay cell layer, capillary endothelial layer, fused basement membrane between them

66
Q

why is gas exchange acorss blood air barrier quick and efficient

A

-because distance for diffusion is short
-O2 and CO2 are small and lipid soluble

67
Q

pneumonia

A

-inflammation of lung tissue
-causes fluid to leak into alveoli
-compromises function of blood air barrier

68
Q

hilum

A

-where pulmonary vessels nerves and lymphatic enter lung

69
Q

root of lung

A
  • complex of dense connective tissue nerves and vessels in hilum
    -anchored to mediastinum
70
Q

lung fissures lobes and characteristics photo

A
71
Q

medial view of lung

A
72
Q

trabeculae

A

-fibrous partitions in the lungs
-contain elastic fibers, smooth muscles and lymphatic vessels
-branch repeatdely, dividing lobes into even smaller compartments
-pulmonary lobules are divided by interlobular septa

73
Q

blood supply to the lungs

A

respiratory exchanges surfaces recieve deoxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries
-capillary network surrounds each alveolus
-ooxygen rich blood from alveolar capillaries is carried through pulmonary veins to left atrium
-capillaries supplied by bronchial arteries provide oxygen and nutrients to conducting passagways

74
Q

blood pressure in pulmonary circuit

A

-lower than that in systemic circuit
-pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots fat or air bubbles

75
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

-blocked branch of pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to lobules or alveoli

76
Q

plueral cavities

A

-separated by mediastinum
-each pleural cavity contains lung
-cavity is lined with seroud membrane

77
Q

pluera

A

2 layers: parietal and visceral
-plueral fluid - lubricated space between two layers

78
Q

external respiration

A

-all processes involved in exchange of O2 and CO2 with

79
Q

internal respiration

A

-uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells
-result of cellular respiration

80
Q

Integrated steps in external respiring

A

-pulmonary ventilation
-gas diffusion across BAB in lungs and across capillary walls in other tissues
-transport of O2 and CO2 between alveolar capillaries and between capillary beds in other tissues

81
Q

hypoxia

A

-low tissue oxygen levels

82
Q

anoxia

A

-complete lack of oxygen in tissues

83
Q

inhalation photo

A
84
Q

exhalation photo

A
85
Q

primary respiratory muscles

A

-the diaghragn
-external intercostalsa

86
Q

accessory respiratory muscles

A

-activated when respiration increases signifcantly

87
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

-inhalation always active
-exhalation can be active or passive

88
Q

muscles used in inhalation

A

-diaphragm (75%)
-external intercostals (25%)
-sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

89
Q

muscles used in exhalation

A

-internal intercostal muscle ans transversus thoracis depress the ribs
-abdominal muscles compress adbdomen and force diaphragm upwards

90
Q

muscles in respiration photo

A
91
Q

forced breathing

A

-hyperapnea
-involved active inhalation and exhalation
-assisted by accessory muscles

92
Q

quiet breathing

A

-eupnea
-active inhalation and passive exhalation
-diaphragmatic breathing or deep breathing dominated by diaphragm
-costal breathing or shallow breathing dominated by rib cage movements

93
Q

elastic rebound

A

when muscles of inhalation relax
-elastic components of tissues recoil
-diaphragm and rib cage return to original positions

94
Q

pneumothorax

A

-air enters plueral cavity
-due to injury to chest wall or rupture of alveoli
-results in atelectasis (collapsed lung)

95
Q

what does gas exchange depend on

A

-partial pressure of gasses involved
-diffusion of molecules between gas and liquid

96
Q

respiratory centers of brain

A

-voluntary centers in cerebral cortex affect respiratory centers of pons and MO
-motor nuerons that control respiratory muscles

97
Q

respiratory centers

A

-three pairs of nuceli in reticular formation of MO and pons
-regulate frequency and depth of pulmonary ventilation in response to sensory info

98
Q

respiratory rhytmicity centers

A

-in MO
-establish respiratory rate and rhythm
-each center divided into dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and ventral respiratory group (VRG)

99
Q

apneusic and pneumotaxic centers of pons

A

-paired nuceli that adjust output of respiratory rhytmicity centers regulating depth and rate of respiration
-apneustic center - continually stimulates DRG center
-pneumotaxic centers inhibit apneustic center and promote passive or active exhalation

100
Q

interactions between DRG and VRG importance

A

-establish basic rate and depth of respiration
-pneumotaxic centers modify this rate

101
Q

neural respiratory control photo

A
102
Q

respiratory centers and refelex control photo

A
103
Q

voluntary contrl of respiration

A

-strong emotions can stimulate respiratory centers in the hypothalamus
-emotional states can activate synpathetic or parasympathetic division of ANS (bronchodilation/bronchorestriction)
-anticipation of excerize can increase RR and CO by sympathetic stimulation

104
Q

changed in respiratory system in newborns

A

-before birth: pulmonary vessels are collapse, lungs contain no air
-during delivery: placental connection is lost, blood oxygen falls and CO2 rises
-at birth - baby overcomes surface tension to inflate bronchial tree and alveoli and take first breath

105
Q

what does the large drop in pressure at birth do

A

-pulls blood into pulmonary circulation
-closing foramen ovaleand ductus areteriosus
-redirecting fetal blood circulation patterns
-subsequent breaths fully inflate alveoli

106
Q

effects of aging on respiratory tissue

A

-elastic lung tissue deteriorates
altering lung compliance and lowering vital capacity
-arthritic changes restrict chest movements and limit respiratory minute volume
-emphyseme

107
Q

integration of respiratory and cardiovascular systems

A

-improves effieicncy of gas exchange by controlling lung profusion
-increases RR and BP through chemoreceptor stimulation
-raises cardiac output and blood flow through baroreceptor stimulation

Anatomy (23 decks)

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