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Nursing! > Thorax + Lungs > Flashcards

Thorax + Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

define alveoli

A

functional units of the lung; thin walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

define angle of louis

A

manubriosternal angle; the articulation of manubrium + body of the sternum; continuous with the second rib

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3
Q

define apnea

A

cessation of breathing

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4
Q

define asthma

A

an abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, coughing

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5
Q

define atelectasis

A

an abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, deflated section of alveoli

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6
Q

define bradypnea

A

slow breathing, fewer than 10 breaths/min

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7
Q

define bronchiole

A

one of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide

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8
Q

define bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion

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9
Q

define bronchophony

A

spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled + indistinct over normal lung tissue

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10
Q

define bronchovesicular

A

the normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch + an equal duration of inspiration + expiration

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11
Q

define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

functional category of abnormal respiratory conditions characterized by an airflow obstruction; ex. emphysema + chronic bronchitis

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12
Q

define cilia

A

millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree

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13
Q

define consolidation

A

solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia

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14
Q

define crackles

A

aka rales; abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration

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15
Q

define crepitus

A

a course, crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung + enters the subcutaneous tissue

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16
Q

define dead space

A

passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange

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17
Q

define dyspnea

A

difficult, laboured breathing

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18
Q

define egophony

A

the voice of “eeeeee” heard through stethoscope

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19
Q

define emphysema

A

the COPD characterized by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

define fissure

A

the narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs

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21
Q

define fremitus

A

a palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall

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22
Q

define friction rub

A

a course, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed

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23
Q

define hypercapnia

A

aka hypercarbia; increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood

24
Q

define hyperventilation

A

increased rate + depth of breathing

25
define hypoxemia
decreased level of oxygen in the blood
26
define intercostal space
space between the ribs
27
define kussmaul's respirations
a type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic keto acidosis
28
define orthopnea
the ability to breathe easily only in an upright position
29
define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
a sudden awakening from sleeping with shortness of breath
30
define percussion
striking over the chest wall with a short sharp slob of the fingers in order to determine the size + density of the underlying organ
31
define pleural effusion
abnormal fluid between the layers of pleura
32
define rhonchi
low-pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sounds caused by airflow obstruction from secretions
33
define tachypnea
rapid, shallow breathing, more than 24 breaths/min
34
define vesicular
soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
35
define vital capacity
the amount of air, following maximal inspiration, that can be exhaled
36
define wheeze
high-pitched, musical, squeaking, adventitious lung sound
37
define whispered pectoriloquy
a whispered phrase heard through the stethoscope that sounds faint + inaudible over normal lung tissue
38
define xiphoid process
sword shaped lower tip of sternum
39
describe the pleura + its function
- thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity + covers the lungs - secretes flood to lubricate lungs allowing them to move smoothly - function: protect + cushion th lungs - 2 kinds 1. viscera pleura = inner layer wrapping around the lungs 2. parietal pleura = outer layer that lines the inside of chest wall
40
list the structures that composed the respiratory dead space
1. nose 2. pharynx 3. trachea 4. bronchi
41
summarize the mechanics of breathing
2-phase process: inspiration + expiration - inspiration: diaphragm contracts + moves downward, increase space in chest cavity, muscles between ribs also contract, pulling rib cage upward + outward, this decreases pressure inside thoracic cavity, causing air to rush into the lungs - expiration: diaphragm + intercostal muscles relax, decreasing volume of thoracic cavity, this increases pressure inside thoracic cavity, causing lungs to contract + air to be forced out
42
list the elements included in inspection of respiratory system
1. observation of breathing: rate, pattern/rhythm, effort 2. level of consciousness 3. skin color 4. chest configuration 5. symmetry of expansion
43
discuss significance of "barrel chest"
symptom of several conditions that affect the lungs or chest + back joints + is a sign of severe lung or inflammatory disease
44
list + describe common thoracic deformities
1. pectus excavatum = aka funnel chest / sunken chest - occurs when breastbone + ribs grow inward, causing a depression in the centre of the chest 2. pacts carinatum = aka pigeon chest / raised chest - occurs when the breastbone + ribs protrude 3. barrel chest = caused by chronic back pain, failed back surgery, or aging
45
list + describe 3 types of normal breath sounds
1. loud, high-pitched over the trachea 2. medium pitched bronchovesicular sounds over the main bronchi, between the scapulae + below the clavicle 3. soft, breezy, low pitched vesicular breath sounds over most of peripheral lung fields
46
define 2 types of adventitious breath sounds
1. crackles = high pitched, clicking/rattling sounds occur when person inhales, can be fine (soft + high-pitched) or coarse (louder + low-pitched), this may indicate persons lung has fluid or not inflating correctly 2. wheeze = high-pitched whistling sounds occur when air moves through the constricted airways
47
another name for manubriosternal angle is:
angle of Louis
48
why is the angle of Louis / manubriosternal angle a useful angle?
crucial reference point in clinical examinations + medical procedures
49
how many degrees is the normal costal angle
90 degrees
50
when comparing the anteroposterior diameter of the chest to the transverse diameter, what is the expected ratio?
expected ratio: 1:2 or 5:7 - anteriorposterior diameter = distance from anterior skin to posterior skin - transverse diameter = horizontal distance between internal surface of ribs on right + left sides
51
what is tripod position
leaning forward, arms braced against knees, chair, or bed - this gives them leverage so rectus abdomens, intercostal + accessory neck muscles all can aid in expiration
52
list 3 factors that affect normal intensity of tactile function
1. relative location of branch to chest wall 2. thickness of chest wall 3. pitch + intensity
53
during percussion, which sound would you expect to predominate over normal lung tissue
resonance
54
normal findings for symmetrical chest expansion are:
3-5cm or 7-8cm in a well conditioned person - may be higher on right side due to position of liver
55
list 5 factors that can cause extraneous noise during auscultation
1. examiners breathing on stethoscope tubing 2. stethoscope tubing bumping together 3. patient shivering 4. patients hairy chest - movement of hairs under stethoscope sounds like crackles 5. patients rustling gown

Nursing! (23 decks)

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