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Nursing! > Language of Medicine - Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Language of Medicine - Chapter 13 Flashcards

Blood System

1
Q

what does blood contain?

A

proteins, wbc, + antibodies to fight infection + platelets (thrombocytes) + other proteins to help the blood clot

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2
Q

what is blood composed of?

A
  • cells = 45% of blood volume
  • formed elements
  • plasma = clear-straw cooled liquid (55% of blood volume)
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3
Q

define erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (rbc) - carry oxygen
- rbc matures from erythrocyte to erythroblast
- shape: depressed or hollow surface on each side of the cell
- contain: hemoglobin, heme, globin
- originate in bone marrow
- live for ~120 days

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4
Q

define leukocytes

A

white blood cells (wbc) - fight infection
- 5 types: 3 polymorphonuclear granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) + 2 mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes + monocytes)

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5
Q

define platelets / thrombocytes

A

clotting factors

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6
Q

where do cells originate from?

A

marrow in the cavity of bones

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7
Q

define hematopoietic stem cells

A

rbc + wbc arise from these cells

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8
Q

define differentiated

A

cells change from size (large to small)

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9
Q

define hemoglobin

A

protein in rbc which is composed of heme (iron-containing pigment) + globin (protein)
- enables erythrocyte to carry oxygen

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10
Q

define erythropoietin

A

hormone that is secreted by the kidney + stimulates the production

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11
Q

define macrophages

A

destroy worn out erythrocytes
- located in spleen, liver, and bone marrow
- break down erythrocytes and hemoglobin and heme + globin

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12
Q

define granulocytes / polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

A

most numerous (60%)
- contain lots of granules in cytoplasm

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13
Q

define eosinophils

A
  • stained red
  • increase in allergic responses + engulf substances that trigger allergies
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14
Q

define basophils

A
  • stained a dark blue
  • contain heparin (anti clotting substance) + histamine (chemical released in allergic responses)
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15
Q

define neutrophils

A
  • stain a pale color
  • phagocytes (phag/o = eat/swallow) that accumulate at sites of infection, where they ingest + destroy bacteria
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16
Q

define colony stimulating factors (CSF)

A

proteins that promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow

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17
Q

describe G-CSF and GM-CSF

A

G-CSF = granulocyte CSF
GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage CSF
both are given to cancer patients to restore granulocyte production

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18
Q

define erythropoietin

A

produced by recombinant DNA
- stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
- typically made in the kidney

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19
Q

define mononuclear leukocytes

A
  • do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm
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20
Q

define lymphocytes

A
  • made in bone marrow + lymph nodes + circulate both in the bloodstream + in parallel circulating system + lymphatic system
  • play an important role in immune response that protects the body against infection - they can directly attach foreign matter + make antibodies that lead to destruction of foreign antigens
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21
Q

define monocyte

A
  • phagocytic cells that fight disease
  • move from bloodstream into tissues + dispose of dead + dying cells + other tissue debris by phagocytosis
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22
Q

define megakaryocytes

A

giant cells with multi lobed nuclei
- main function is to help blood clot

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23
Q

what are the 4 major plasma proteins? and which 2 are clotting proteins?

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen (clotting protein)
  4. prothrombin (clotting protein)
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24
Q

what does albumin do?

A

maintains proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood
- cannot pass easily through capillary walls

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25
Q

define edema

A

swelling that results when too much fluid from the blood “leaks” out into the tissues

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26
Q

define globulins

A

3 types: alpha, beta, gamma globulins

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27
Q

define gamma globulins

A

aka immunoglobulins which are antibodies:
IgG - found in high concentration in plasma)
IgA - found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and respiratory mucuous)
IgM
IgD
IgE

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28
Q

define electrophoresis

A

separates immunoglobulins from plasma
- electrical current passes through a solution of plasma (separated by size and charge)

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29
Q

define plasmapheresis

A

process of separating plasma from cells

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30
Q

define packed red cells

A

whole blood with most of its plasma

31
Q

define hemolysis

A

breakdown of the red blood cells

32
Q

define the Rh factor

A

Rh+ = person who is born with the Rh antigen
Rh- = person who is born without the Rh antigen

33
Q

define coagulation

A

aka blood clotting, final product of this process is a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen

34
Q

define serum

A

clear fluid related to plasma

35
Q

define anticoagulant substances

A

in the blood inhibit blood clotting so clots do not form

36
Q

define heparin

A

produced by tissue cells (especially in liver)

37
Q

bas/o

38
Q

chrom/o

39
Q

coagul/o

40
Q

cyt/o

41
Q

esosin/o

A

red, dawn, rosy

42
Q

erythr/o

43
Q

granul/o

44
Q

hem/o
hemat/o

45
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

hemoglobin

46
Q

is/o

A

same, equal

47
Q

kary/o

48
Q

leuk/o

49
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

50
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

51
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

52
Q

neutr/o

53
Q

nucle/o

54
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

55
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

56
Q

sider/o

57
Q

spher/o

A

globe, around

58
Q

thromb/o

59
Q

–apheresis

A

removal of carrying away

60
Q

–blast

A

immature or embryonic cell

61
Q

–cytosis

A

abnormal condition of cells

62
Q

–emia

A

blood condition

63
Q

–gen

A

giving rise to; producing

64
Q

–globin
–globulin

65
Q

–lytic

A

pertaining to destruction

66
Q

–oid

A

derived, related to, or originating from

67
Q

–osis

A

abnormal condition

68
Q

–penia

A

deficiency

69
Q

–phage

A

eat, swallowing

70
Q

–philia

A

attraction for (increase in number cells)

71
Q

–phoresis

A

carrying, transmission

72
Q

–poiesis

73
Q

–stasis

A

stop, controlling

Nursing! (23 decks)

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