Language of Medicine - Chapter 13 Flashcards
Blood System
what does blood contain?
proteins, wbc, + antibodies to fight infection + platelets (thrombocytes) + other proteins to help the blood clot
what is blood composed of?
- cells = 45% of blood volume
- formed elements
- plasma = clear-straw cooled liquid (55% of blood volume)
define erythrocytes
red blood cells (rbc) - carry oxygen
- rbc matures from erythrocyte to erythroblast
- shape: depressed or hollow surface on each side of the cell
- contain: hemoglobin, heme, globin
- originate in bone marrow
- live for ~120 days
define leukocytes
white blood cells (wbc) - fight infection
- 5 types: 3 polymorphonuclear granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) + 2 mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes + monocytes)
define platelets / thrombocytes
clotting factors
where do cells originate from?
marrow in the cavity of bones
define hematopoietic stem cells
rbc + wbc arise from these cells
define differentiated
cells change from size (large to small)
define hemoglobin
protein in rbc which is composed of heme (iron-containing pigment) + globin (protein)
- enables erythrocyte to carry oxygen
define erythropoietin
hormone that is secreted by the kidney + stimulates the production
define macrophages
destroy worn out erythrocytes
- located in spleen, liver, and bone marrow
- break down erythrocytes and hemoglobin and heme + globin
define granulocytes / polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
most numerous (60%)
- contain lots of granules in cytoplasm
define eosinophils
- stained red
- increase in allergic responses + engulf substances that trigger allergies
define basophils
- stained a dark blue
- contain heparin (anti clotting substance) + histamine (chemical released in allergic responses)
define neutrophils
- stain a pale color
- phagocytes (phag/o = eat/swallow) that accumulate at sites of infection, where they ingest + destroy bacteria
define colony stimulating factors (CSF)
proteins that promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow
describe G-CSF and GM-CSF
G-CSF = granulocyte CSF
GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage CSF
both are given to cancer patients to restore granulocyte production
define erythropoietin
produced by recombinant DNA
- stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
- typically made in the kidney
define mononuclear leukocytes
- do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm
define lymphocytes
- made in bone marrow + lymph nodes + circulate both in the bloodstream + in parallel circulating system + lymphatic system
- play an important role in immune response that protects the body against infection - they can directly attach foreign matter + make antibodies that lead to destruction of foreign antigens
define monocyte
- phagocytic cells that fight disease
- move from bloodstream into tissues + dispose of dead + dying cells + other tissue debris by phagocytosis
define megakaryocytes
giant cells with multi lobed nuclei
- main function is to help blood clot
what are the 4 major plasma proteins? and which 2 are clotting proteins?
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen (clotting protein)
- prothrombin (clotting protein)
what does albumin do?
maintains proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood
- cannot pass easily through capillary walls
define edema
swelling that results when too much fluid from the blood “leaks” out into the tissues
define globulins
3 types: alpha, beta, gamma globulins
define gamma globulins
aka immunoglobulins which are antibodies:
IgG - found in high concentration in plasma)
IgA - found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and respiratory mucuous)
IgM
IgD
IgE
define electrophoresis
separates immunoglobulins from plasma
- electrical current passes through a solution of plasma (separated by size and charge)
define plasmapheresis
process of separating plasma from cells
