Language of Medicine - Chapter 13

Question 1

what does blood contain?

Answer 1

proteins, wbc, + antibodies to fight infection + platelets (thrombocytes) + other proteins to help the blood clot

Question 2

what is blood composed of?

Answer 2

• cells = 45% of blood volume
• formed elements
• plasma = clear-straw cooled liquid (55% of blood volume)

Question 3

define erythrocytes

Answer 3

red blood cells (rbc) - carry oxygen
- rbc matures from erythrocyte to erythroblast
- shape: depressed or hollow surface on each side of the cell
- contain: hemoglobin, heme, globin
- originate in bone marrow
- live for ~120 days

Question 4

define leukocytes

Answer 4

white blood cells (wbc) - fight infection
- 5 types: 3 polymorphonuclear granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) + 2 mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes + monocytes)

Question 5

define platelets / thrombocytes

Answer 5

clotting factors

Question 6

where do cells originate from?

Answer 6

marrow in the cavity of bones

Question 7

define hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 7

rbc + wbc arise from these cells

Question 8

define differentiated

Answer 8

cells change from size (large to small)

Question 9

define hemoglobin

Answer 9

protein in rbc which is composed of heme (iron-containing pigment) + globin (protein)
- enables erythrocyte to carry oxygen

Question 10

define erythropoietin

Answer 10

hormone that is secreted by the kidney + stimulates the production

Question 11

define macrophages

Answer 11

destroy worn out erythrocytes
- located in spleen, liver, and bone marrow
- break down erythrocytes and hemoglobin and heme + globin

Question 12

define granulocytes / polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

Answer 12

most numerous (60%)
- contain lots of granules in cytoplasm

Question 13

define eosinophils

Answer 13

• stained red
• increase in allergic responses + engulf substances that trigger allergies

Question 14

define basophils

Answer 14

• stained a dark blue
• contain heparin (anti clotting substance) + histamine (chemical released in allergic responses)

Question 15

define neutrophils

Answer 15

• stain a pale color
• phagocytes (phag/o = eat/swallow) that accumulate at sites of infection, where they ingest + destroy bacteria

Question 16

define colony stimulating factors (CSF)

Answer 16

proteins that promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow

Question 17

describe G-CSF and GM-CSF

Answer 17

G-CSF = granulocyte CSF
GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage CSF
both are given to cancer patients to restore granulocyte production

Question 18

define erythropoietin

Answer 18

produced by recombinant DNA
- stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
- typically made in the kidney

Question 19

define mononuclear leukocytes

Answer 19

• do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm

Question 20

define lymphocytes

Answer 20

• made in bone marrow + lymph nodes + circulate both in the bloodstream + in parallel circulating system + lymphatic system
• play an important role in immune response that protects the body against infection - they can directly attach foreign matter + make antibodies that lead to destruction of foreign antigens

Question 21

define monocyte

Answer 21

• phagocytic cells that fight disease
• move from bloodstream into tissues + dispose of dead + dying cells + other tissue debris by phagocytosis

Question 22

define megakaryocytes

Answer 22

giant cells with multi lobed nuclei
- main function is to help blood clot

Question 23

what are the 4 major plasma proteins? and which 2 are clotting proteins?

Answer 23

1. albumin
2. globulins
3. fibrinogen (clotting protein)
4. prothrombin (clotting protein)

Question 24

what does albumin do?

Answer 24

maintains proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood
- cannot pass easily through capillary walls

Question 25

define edema

Answer 25

swelling that results when too much fluid from the blood "leaks" out into the tissues

Question 26

define globulins

Answer 26

3 types: alpha, beta, gamma globulins

Question 27

define gamma globulins

Answer 27

aka immunoglobulins which are antibodies: IgG - found in high concentration in plasma) IgA - found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and respiratory mucuous) IgM IgD IgE

Question 28

define electrophoresis

Answer 28

separates immunoglobulins from plasma - electrical current passes through a solution of plasma (separated by size and charge)

Question 29

define plasmapheresis

Answer 29

process of separating plasma from cells

Question 30

define packed red cells

Answer 30

whole blood with most of its plasma

Question 31

define hemolysis

Answer 31

breakdown of the red blood cells

Question 32

define the Rh factor

Answer 32

Rh+ = person who is born with the Rh antigen Rh- = person who is born without the Rh antigen

Question 33

define coagulation

Answer 33

aka blood clotting, final product of this process is a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen

Question 34

define serum

Answer 34

clear fluid related to plasma

Question 35

define anticoagulant substances

Answer 35

in the blood inhibit blood clotting so clots do not form

Question 36

define heparin

Answer 36

produced by tissue cells (especially in liver)

Question 37

bas/o

Answer 37

base

Question 38

chrom/o

Answer 38

color

Question 39

coagul/o

Answer 39

clotting

Question 40

cyt/o

Answer 40

cell

Question 41

esosin/o

Answer 41

red, dawn, rosy

Question 42

erythr/o

Answer 42

red

Question 43

granul/o

Answer 43

granules

Question 44

hem/o hemat/o

Answer 44

blood

Question 45

hemoglobin/o

Answer 45

hemoglobin

Question 46

is/o

Answer 46

same, equal

Question 47

kary/o

Answer 47

nucleus

Question 48

leuk/o

Answer 48

white

Question 49

mon/o

Answer 49

one, single

Question 50

morph/o

Answer 50

shape, form

Question 51

myel/o

Answer 51

bone marrow

Question 52

neutr/o

Answer 52

neutral

Question 53

nucle/o

Answer 53

nucleus

Question 54

phag/o

Answer 54

eat, swallow

Question 55

poikil/o

Answer 55

varied, irregular

Question 56

sider/o

Answer 56

iron

Question 57

spher/o

Answer 57

globe, around

Question 58

thromb/o

Answer 58

clot

Question 59

--apheresis

Answer 59

removal of carrying away

Question 60

--blast

Answer 60

immature or embryonic cell

Question 61

--cytosis

Answer 61

abnormal condition of cells

Question 62

--emia

Answer 62

blood condition

Question 63

--gen

Answer 63

giving rise to; producing

Question 64

--globin --globulin

Answer 64

protein

Question 65

--lytic

Answer 65

pertaining to destruction

Question 66

--oid

Answer 66

derived, related to, or originating from

Question 67

--osis

Answer 67

abnormal condition

Question 68

--penia

Answer 68

deficiency

Question 69

--phage

Answer 69

eat, swallowing

Question 70

--philia

Answer 70

attraction for (increase in number cells)

Question 71

--phoresis

Answer 71

carrying, transmission

Question 72

--poiesis

Answer 72

formation

Question 73

--stasis

Answer 73

stop, controlling