Skin, Hair, and Nails

Question 1

what are the 3 layers associated with the skin?

Answer 1

1. epidermis
2. subcutaneous
3. dermis

Question 2

describe epidermis

Answer 2

first layer, thin, tough
- horny layer: dead keratinized cells (layer we “shed”
- basal layer = forms new cells

Question 3

describe the subcutaneous layer

Answer 3

made of adipose tissue (fat tissue)

Question 4

describe the dermal layer

Answer 4

middle layer of the skin, made of connective tissue + collagen
- holds nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels + lymphatic vessels

Question 5

what are the two types of human hair?

Answer 5

vellus + terminal

Question 6

describe vellus hair

Answer 6

covers your body (except palms, + soles, fingers, umbilicus, glans penis, and inside the labia)

Question 7

describe terminal hair

Answer 7

darker, thicker hair on the scalp, eyebrows, + pubic areas

Question 8

describe the differences between sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine glands

Answer 8

• sebaceous = produces sebum (oil) + lubricates skin + hair
• eccrine = coiled tubules open onto skin surface + produce sweat
• apocrine = produce thick, milky, secretions + opens into hair follicles

Question 9

list functions of the skin (be able to list 5)

Answer 9

1. protection
2. prevents penetration
3. perception
4. temperature regulation
5. identification
6. communication
7. wound repair
8. absorption + secretion
9. production of vitamin D

Question 10

describe pallor

Answer 10

due to non oxygenated hemoglobin
in light skin it looks pale/white-pink
in dark skin it looks ashen grey

Question 11

describe erythema

Answer 11

due to excessive blood in superficial capillaries (fever or inflammation)
light skin looks red
dark skin is not visible so feel for warmth or hardening

Question 12

describe cyanosis

Answer 12

due to non oxygenated blood (chronic heart/lung disease, anxiety or cold)
light skin looks blue
dark skin not noticeable feel for temperature

Question 13

jaundice

Answer 13

due to excess bilirubin
light skin looks yellow
dark skin not noticeable

Question 14

list causes of changes in skin temperature

Answer 14

hypothermia, hyperthermia

Question 15

list causes of changes texture in the skin

Answer 15

hypothyroidism (shock, cardiac arrest, arterial insufficiency) hyperthyroidism (increased metabolic rate, trauma, infection, sun burn, hyperthyroidism)

Question 16

list causes of changes moisture

Answer 16

diaphoresis (thyrotoxis, MI, anxiety + pain)
dehydration

Question 17

list causes of changes mobility

Answer 17

ease of skin to rise (increased with edema + scleroderma)

Question 18

list causes of changes in tugor

Answer 18

skins ability to return to place promptly with released (decreased with dehydration + extreme weight loss)

Question 19

describe each grade on the 4 point grading scale for pitting edema

Answer 19

1+ mild pitting
2+ moderate pitting
3+ deep pitting
4+ very deep pitting

Question 20

white linear markings that normally are visible through the nail and on the pink nail bed are termed _____

Answer 20

lunula

Question 21

describe congenital dermal melanocytes

Answer 21

one or more birth marks

Question 22

describe cafe au lait spot

Answer 22

large round/oval patch of light brown pigmentation - usually normal

Question 23

describe erythema toxicum

Answer 23

aka “baby acne”
harmless skin rash that affects many newborns

Question 24

describe cutis marmorata

Answer 24

transient mottling in the trunk + extremities in response to cooler temperature
forms reticulated red or blue pattern over the skin

Question 25

describe physiological jaundice

Answer 25

yellowing of the skin, sclera + mucous membranes, develops after the 3rd or 4th day of life
due to increased numbers of the rbc that hemolyzes after birth

Question 26

describe milia

Answer 26

tiny white papule on cheeks, forehead + across the nose + chin caused by sebum hay occludes (closes) the opening of the follicles

Question 27

describe lentigines

Answer 27

common variations of hyperpigmentation - “liver spots”

Question 28

describe seborrheic keratosis

Answer 28

raised thickened area of pigmentation that look crusted, scaly, warty, dark, greasy + “stuck on”

Question 29

describe actinic keratosis

Answer 29

red-tan plaques that increase over the years to become raised + rough headed

Question 30

describe acrochordons (skin tags)

Answer 30

over growths, form stalk; are polyp-like

Question 31

describe sebaceous hyperplasia

Answer 31

raised yellow papules with central depression

Question 32

describe measles (rubeola)

Answer 32

red-purple maculopapular blotchy rash, first appears behind the eats, looks coppery + does not blanch. Koplik spots in mouth (red-based) + elevations of 1-3mm

Question 33

describe German measles (rubella)

Answer 33

pink, papular rash (similar to measles but paler). distinguished from measles by: neck lymphadenopathy, NO koplik spots

Question 34

chicken pox (varicella)

Answer 34

shiny vesicles on erythematous base - become pustules then crusts - very pruritic (itchy)