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Nursing! > Language of Medicine - Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Language of Medicine - Chapter 10 Flashcards

Nervous System

1
Q

describe nerves

A

collections of nerve cells which carry electrical messages all over the bodyd

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2
Q

define acetylcholine

A

internal chemical that activates the cell membranes of nerve cells

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3
Q

define nervous impulses

A

electrical discharge, transverse the length of associated nerves

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4
Q

define receptors

A

receive impulses and may in turn transmit impulses to complex network of nerve cells in brain + spinal cord

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5
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain + spinal cord

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7
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, plexuses, and peripheral nerves throughout the body

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8
Q

what does the Vegus nerve do?

A

carries messages to and from the neck, chest and abdomen

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9
Q

define a plexus

A

large network of nerves in PNS

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10
Q

define sense receptors

A

include receptors for sight (eye), hearing + balance (ear), smell (olfactory), and touch (skin sensation)

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11
Q

afferent VS efferent nerves

A

sensory (afferent) nerves that carry messages related to changes in environment TOWARD spinal cord + brain

motor (efferent) nerves travel FROM the spinal cord + brain to muscles of the body - telling them how to respond

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12
Q

define autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

system of nerves that carries impulses to glands, heart, blood vessels, involuntary muscles found in the walls of tubes like intestines + hollow organs like stomach + urinary bladder

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13
Q

what are the two types of automatic nerves?

A
  1. sympathetic nerves
  2. parasympathetic nerves
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14
Q

define sympathetic nerves

A

stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis, increase HR + forcefulness, dilate (relax) airways so more oxygen can enter, increase BP, also stimulate adrenal glands + secrete epinephrine (adrenaline)

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15
Q

define parasympathetic nerves

A

act as a balance for sympathetic nerves, slows HR, lowers BP, stimulates intestinal contractions to clear the rectum

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16
Q

define neuron

A

individual nerve cell

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17
Q

define stimulus

A

begins an impulse in branching fibres of a neuron

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18
Q

define dendrites

A

branching fibres of the neuron

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19
Q

define cell body

A

impulses reaches cell body and contains the cell nucleus

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20
Q

define ganglia

A

small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain + spinal cord

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21
Q

define myeline sheath (white matter)

A

insulate the axon + speed transmission of electrical impulse, has a white appearance

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22
Q

define terminal end fibers

A

nerve impulses pass through the axon and leave the cell via terminal end fibres

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23
Q

define synapse

A

the space where nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another

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24
Q

define neurotransmitter

A

transfer of impulse across the synapse depends on the release of the chemical substance the neurotransmitter

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25
what are some examples of neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, serotonin, and endorphines
26
define stroma
connective + supportive tissue of the organ
27
define glial (neuroglial) cells
make up the supportive framework + help ward off infection
28
list the 4 type of supporting glial cells
1. astrocytes (astroglial cells) - star like appearance + transport water + salts between capillaries + neurons 2. microglial cells - small cells with many branching processes (dendrites) + are phagocytes so they protect neurons in response to inflammation 3. oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes) - have few dendrites, form the myelin sheath in CNS 4. ependymal cells - lines membranes within the brain + spinal cord where CSF is produced and circulates
29
what is the blood brain barrier (BBB)
protective barrier between the blood + brain cells
30
define cerebrum
largest part of the brain, acts as the "thinking" area - thinking, personality, sensations, movements, and memory
31
define the cerebral cortex
on the surface of the cerebrum, nerve cells lie in sheets which make up cerebral cortex
32
define gyri
arranged folds in the brain
33
define sulci
grooves in the brain
34
define cerebral hemisphere
brain is divided into right and left hemispheres these are known as cerebral hemispheres
35
define ventricles
contain watery fluid that flows throughout the brain + around spinal cord
36
define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
protects brain + spinal cord from shock by acting like a cushion. typically clear, colourless, and contains lymphocytes, sugar, + proteins
37
define thalamus
acts like a triage centre, it decides what is important and what is not, selectively processing + relaying sensory information to cerebral cortex + maintains awareness + consciousness
38
define hypothalamus
contains neuron's that control body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, + emotions like fear + pleasure + also regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland at the base of brain + integrates activities of sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous systems
39
what structures lie in the back + below the cerebrum + connect the cerebrum with spinal cord?
cerebellum, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
39
what are the parts of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
40
define cerebellum
functions to coordinate voluntary movements + to maintain balance + posture
41
define midbrain
uppermost portion of brainstem, contains pathways connecting the cerebrum with lower portions of the brain + structures involved with seeing + hearing
42
define pons
part of brainstem (means bridge), contains nerve fiber tracts that that connect the cerebellum and cerebrum with the rest of the brain, nerves affecting the face + eye movement are located here
43
define medulla oblongata
in brainstem, connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain, nerve tracts cross from right to left and left to right of the medulla oblongata ex. left side of brain controls right side of body and vice versa
44
what are the 3 parts of medulla oblongata?
1. respiratory center 2. cardiac center 3. vasomotor center
45
define respiratory center
controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli
46
define cardiac center
slows heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
47
define vasomotor center
affects (constrict or dilate) the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus influencing blood pressure
48
define spinal cord
column of nervous tissue extending from medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra within the vertebral column
49
define cauda equina
looks like a horse tail - fan of nerve fibers
50
define grey matter
contains cell bodies + dendrites, inner region
51
define white matter
contains nerve fiber tracts with myeline shealths, outer region, conducts impulses to + from the brain
52
define meninges
3 layers of CT membranes that surround the brain + spinal cord layers: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
53
define dura mater
outermost layer of the membrane of the meninges, thick, tough membrane contains channels (dural sinuses) that contain blood
54
define subdural space
below dural membrane
55
define arachnoid membrane
second layer surrounding brain, spider like membrane is loosely attached to other meninges by web like fibres
56
define subarachnoid space
space for fluid between the web like fibres and 3rd membrane is the subarachnoid space + contains CSF
57
define pia mater
3rd layer of meninges, closest to the brain, contains a delicate CT with rich supply of blood vessels
58
cerebell/o
cerebellum
59
cerebr/o
cerebrum
60
dur/o
dura mater
61
encephal/o
brain
62
gli/o
glial cells
63
lept/o
thin, slender
64
mening/o meningi/o
membranes, meninges
65
my/o
muscle
66
myel/o
spinal cord
67
neur/o
nerve
68
pont/o
pons
69
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerve)
70
thalam/o
thalamus
71
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
72
vag/o
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
73
alges/o --algesia
sensitivity to pain
74
--algia
pain
75
caus/o
burning
76
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
77
esthesi/o --esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
78
kines/o, kinesi/o --kinesia, --kinesis, --kinetic
movement
79
--lepsy
seizure
80
lex/o
word, phrase
81
--paresis
weakness
82
--phasia
speech
83
--plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of ability to move parts of the body)
84
--praxia
action
85
--sthenia
strength
86
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short
87
tax/o
order, coordination

Nursing! (23 decks)

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