Language of Medicine - Chapter 11

Question 1

what are the 3 types of blood vessels in the body?

Answer 1

• capillaries
• veins
• arteries

Question 2

define arteries

Answer 2

carry blood AWAY from the heart, the walls are lined with CT + muscle tissue + elastic fibres with the innermost layer of epithelial cells called endothelium
- because arteries are carrying blood away from the heart they withstand high pressure of the pumping act + elastic walls allow them to expand

Question 3

define arterioles

Answer 3

smaller branches of arteries, arterioles are thinner than arteries + carry blood to the tiniest blood vessels (capillaries)

Question 4

define capillaries

Answer 4

walls are only one endothelial cell in thickness, carry nutrient-rich oxygen + nutrients out of the blood stream

Question 5

define venules

Answer 5

waste filled blood flows back to the heart in venules

Question 6

define veins

Answer 6

thinners walls compared to arteries, bring blood TOWARD the heart from organs/tissues

Question 7

define valves

Answer 7

prevent back flow of blood + keep blood moving in one direction

Question 8

what structure does blood enter the heart through?

Answer 8

inferior / superior vena cava

Question 9

does the right side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 9

the right side carries oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated)

Question 10

does the left side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 10

the left side of the heart carries oxygen rich blood (oxygenated)

Question 11

define pulmonary artery

Answer 11

blood vessel that divides into the right and left lung

Question 12

define pulmonary veins

Answer 12

only veins that carry oxygenated blood bring blood back to the heart

Question 13

define pulmonary circulation

Answer 13

the circulation of blood through the vessels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again

Question 14

define aorta

Answer 14

largest artery in the body

Question 15

define carotid arteries

Answer 15

supply blood to head + neck

Question 16

define pulse

Answer 16

the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries

Question 17

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

Answer 17

left atria, left ventricle, right atria, right ventricle
- atria = upper chambers
- ventricles = lower chambers

Question 18

define the inferior vena cava

Answer 18

carries blood from the lower parts of the body

Question 19

define the superior vena cava

Answer 19

drains blood from the upper portion of the body

Question 20

where does the blood go after the vena cava

Answer 20

right atrium

Question 21

define the right atrium

Answer 21

thin-walled upper right chamber of the heart
- right atrium contracts to force blood through the tricuspid valve

Question 22

define the right ventricle

Answer 22

lower chamber of the heart
- contracts to pump oxygen poor blood through pulmonary valve

Question 23

define left atrium

Answer 23

newly oxygenated blood enter left atrium via pulmonary veins, walls contract pushing blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valved

Question 24

define left ventricle

Answer 24

has the thickest walls out of all the chambers, pumps blood with great force so that blood travels through arteries to all parts of the body

Question 25

define aortic vavle

Answer 25

left ventricle propels blood through aortic valve

Question 26

define the endocardium

Answer 26

smooth layer of endothelial cells, lines the interior of the heart + heart valves

Question 27

define myocardium

Answer 27

middle muscular layer of the heart walls, thickest layer

Question 28

define pericardium

Answer 28

a fibrous + membranous sac surrounding the heart - composed of 2 parts visceral pericardium (adheres to the heart) + parietal pericardium (lines outer fibrous coat)

Question 29

what are the two phases of a heartbeat?

Answer 29

diastole (relaxation) systole (contraction)

Question 30

describe diastole

Answer 30

occurs when the ventricle walls relax and blood flows into the heart

Question 31

describe systole

Answer 31

occurs when walls of the right and left ventricles contract to pump blood into pulmonary artery + aorta

Question 32

define a murmur

Answer 32

abnormal swishing heartbeat sound

Question 33

define the sinoatrial node (SA node)

Answer 33

aka the pacemaker of the heart - where the electrical originates, the current electricity generated by the pacemaker + cases the walls of the atria to contract

Question 34

define the atrioventricular node (AV node)

Answer 34

AV node immediately sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized muscle fibres

Question 35

define bundle of His / atrioventricular bundle

Answer 35

bundle of specialized muscle fibres - divides into the left and right bundle branch which form conduction myofibrils + extend through the ventricle walls + contract on stimulation

Question 36

describe an electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 36

record used to detect electrical changes in the heart normal ECG tracing shows 5 waves: P, QRS, + T waves

Question 37

define P wave

Answer 37

spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction

Question 38

define QRS wave

Answer 38

spread of excitation over the ventricles as the ventricles contract

Question 39

define T wave

Answer 39

electrical recovery + relaxation of ventricles

Question 40

angi/o

Answer 40

vessel

Question 41

aort/o

Answer 41

aorta

Question 42

arter/o aerteri/o

Answer 42

artery

Question 43

ather/o

Answer 43

yellowish plaque

Question 44

atri/o

Answer 44

atrium, upper heart chamber

Question 45

brachi/o

Answer 45

arm

Question 46

cardi/o

Answer 46

heart

Question 47

cholester/o

Answer 47

cholesterol (lipid substance)

Question 48

cornon/o

Answer 48

heart

Question 49

cyan/o

Answer 49

blue

Question 50

myx/o

Answer 50

mucus

Question 51

ox/o

Answer 51

oxygen

Question 52

pericardi/o

Answer 52

pericardium

Question 53

phleb/o

Answer 53

vein

Question 54

rrhythm/o

Answer 54

rhythm

Question 55

sphygm/o

Answer 55

pulse

Question 56

steth/o

Answer 56

chest

Question 57

thromb/o

Answer 57

clot

Question 58

valvul/o valv/o

Answer 58

valve

Question 59

vas/o

Answer 59

vessel

Question 60

vascul/o

Answer 60

vessel

Question 61

ven/o ven/i

Answer 61

vein

Question 62

ventricul/o

Answer 62

ventricle, lower chamber of the heart