Language of Medicine - Chapter 14 Flashcards
Lymphatic and Immune System
define lymph
clear, watery fluid that surrounds the body cells + flows in a system in the thin-walled lymph vessles that extends throughout the body
which wbc are rich in lymph?
lymphocytes + monocytes
what does lymph contain?
water, salts, sugar, wastes of metabolism (urea + creatine)
define interstitial fluid
fluid that surrounds the body cells
what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- drainage system to transport needed proteins + fluid that have leaked out of the blood capillaries back to bloodstream via veins
- lymphatic vessels in intestines absorb lipids from the small intestines + transport them to bloodstream
- defence of body against foreign organisms (bacteria + viruses)
define lymph capillaries
begin at spaces around cells throughout the body
- thin walled tubes
- carry lymph from tissue spaces to larger lymph vessels
fine lymph vessels
thicker walls than lymph capillaries
- contain valves so that lymph flows in one direction
define lymph nodes
collections of stationary lymph tissue
- located along the path of lymph vessels
- produce lymphocytes + filter lymph + tap substances from infectious, inflammatory + cancerous lesions
where are cervical lymph nodes located
neck
where are axillary lymph nodes located
armpit
where are mediastinum lymph nodes located
chest
where are mesenteric lymph nodes located
intestinal
where are paraaortic lymph nodes located
lumbar
where are inguinal lymph nodes located
groin
define tonsils
masses of lymph tissue in the throat near the back of the mouth
define adenoids
enlarged lymph tissue in the part of the throat near the nasal passages
where is the right lymphatic duct + thoracic duct located?
upper chest
define B lymphocytes (B cells)
fight disease
- present in the nodes
- produce antibodies
- originate in bone marrow
define T lymphocytes (T cells)
attack bacteria + foreign cells by accurately recognizing a cell as foreign + destroys it
- help B cells make antibodies
- originate in thymus gland
define the spleen
located in the LUQ
- next to stomach
functions:
- destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages (hemoglobin converted to bilirubin in liver and excreted into bile)
- filtration of microorganisms + other foreign material from the blood
- activation of lymphocytes (B cells produce antibodies - T cells attack foreign material)
- storage of blood (especially erythrocytes + platelets)
define thymus gland
located in upper mediastinum between lungs
- during fetal / child life it is large - becomes smaller with age
function:
- ability to protect body from disease (especially in childhood)
define immune system
specialized system to defend the body against antigens (toxins, bacterial proteins, foreign blood cells)
includes:
- leukocytes, neutrophiles, monocytes, macrophages, lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and adenoids, produce lymphocytes + antibodies
define immunity
body’s ability to resist foreign organisms + toxins that damage tissues + organs
define natural immunity
- resistance present at birth
- not dependent on previous exposure to an antigen
neutrophils travel to infected area + ingest bacteria while monocytes, macrophages + lymphocytes (NK cells) participate in body’s natural immunity against infection
define adaptive immunity
- can be developed
- body’s ability to recognize + remember specific antigens in an immune response
- T cells recognize + remember antigens to produce stronger more rapid attacks
- B cells secrete antibodies against the antigens
define antitoxins
ready made antibodies produce in another organism
define maternal antibodies
infants can receive maternal antibodies through the placenta before birth or in breast milk
what are the 2 component of adaptive immunity?
- humeral immunity
involves B cells - cell-mediated immunity
involves T cells
define plasma cell
when a B cell matures it is called a plasma cell
- plasma cell produces immunoglobulins
examples of immunoglobulins
- IgG
- IgA
- IgM (maternal)
- IgE (allergic reactions)
- IgD
define cell-mediated immunity
does not involve antibodies, involves several different T cells with different functions
- cytotoxic T cells (CD8+T cells) attach to antigens + directly kills cells expression antigen, they also secrete cytokines which aid other cells in antigen destruction
- helper T cells (CD4+T cells) assist B cells in making antibodies + stimulate T cells to attack antigens
- suppressor T cells (regulatory T cells) inhibit both B + T cells to prevent them from attacking the body own good cells
define complement system
group of proteins that helps antibodies kill their target
define dendritic cell
initiates adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T + B cells
define monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
antibodies created in laboratory by special reproductive techniques
- designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells to kill tumour
define vaccines
contain antigens (proteins) from a patients tumour cells or from infectious agent.
- when injected they stimulate patients own T cells to recognize + kill cancerous cells
define transfer of immune cells
in bone marrow transplant, T lymphocytes from donor replace patients immune system with new cells that recognize tumours as foreign
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana–
again, new
inter–
between
