Language of Medicine - Chapter 14

Question 1

define lymph

Answer 1

clear, watery fluid that surrounds the body cells + flows in a system in the thin-walled lymph vessles that extends throughout the body

Question 2

which wbc are rich in lymph?

Answer 2

lymphocytes + monocytes

Question 3

what does lymph contain?

Answer 3

water, salts, sugar, wastes of metabolism (urea + creatine)

Question 4

define interstitial fluid

Answer 4

fluid that surrounds the body cells

Question 5

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 5

1. drainage system to transport needed proteins + fluid that have leaked out of the blood capillaries back to bloodstream via veins
2. lymphatic vessels in intestines absorb lipids from the small intestines + transport them to bloodstream
3. defence of body against foreign organisms (bacteria + viruses)

Question 6

define lymph capillaries

Answer 6

begin at spaces around cells throughout the body
- thin walled tubes
- carry lymph from tissue spaces to larger lymph vessels

Question 7

fine lymph vessels

Answer 7

thicker walls than lymph capillaries
- contain valves so that lymph flows in one direction

Question 8

define lymph nodes

Answer 8

collections of stationary lymph tissue
- located along the path of lymph vessels
- produce lymphocytes + filter lymph + tap substances from infectious, inflammatory + cancerous lesions

Question 9

where are cervical lymph nodes located

Answer 9

neck

Question 10

where are axillary lymph nodes located

Answer 10

armpit

Question 11

where are mediastinum lymph nodes located

Answer 11

chest

Question 12

where are mesenteric lymph nodes located

Answer 12

intestinal

Question 13

where are paraaortic lymph nodes located

Answer 13

lumbar

Question 14

where are inguinal lymph nodes located

Answer 14

groin

Question 15

define tonsils

Answer 15

masses of lymph tissue in the throat near the back of the mouth

Question 16

define adenoids

Answer 16

enlarged lymph tissue in the part of the throat near the nasal passages

Question 17

where is the right lymphatic duct + thoracic duct located?

Answer 17

upper chest

Question 18

define B lymphocytes (B cells)

Answer 18

fight disease
- present in the nodes
- produce antibodies
- originate in bone marrow

Question 19

define T lymphocytes (T cells)

Answer 19

attack bacteria + foreign cells by accurately recognizing a cell as foreign + destroys it
- help B cells make antibodies
- originate in thymus gland

Question 20

define the spleen

Answer 20

located in the LUQ
- next to stomach
functions:
- destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages (hemoglobin converted to bilirubin in liver and excreted into bile)
- filtration of microorganisms + other foreign material from the blood
- activation of lymphocytes (B cells produce antibodies - T cells attack foreign material)
- storage of blood (especially erythrocytes + platelets)

Question 21

define thymus gland

Answer 21

located in upper mediastinum between lungs
- during fetal / child life it is large - becomes smaller with age
function:
- ability to protect body from disease (especially in childhood)

Question 22

define immune system

Answer 22

specialized system to defend the body against antigens (toxins, bacterial proteins, foreign blood cells)
includes:
- leukocytes, neutrophiles, monocytes, macrophages, lymphoid organs like lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and adenoids, produce lymphocytes + antibodies

Question 23

define immunity

Answer 23

body’s ability to resist foreign organisms + toxins that damage tissues + organs

Question 24

define natural immunity

Answer 24

• resistance present at birth
• not dependent on previous exposure to an antigen
  neutrophils travel to infected area + ingest bacteria while monocytes, macrophages + lymphocytes (NK cells) participate in body’s natural immunity against infection

Question 25

define adaptive immunity

Answer 25

• can be developed
• body’s ability to recognize + remember specific antigens in an immune response
• T cells recognize + remember antigens to produce stronger more rapid attacks
• B cells secrete antibodies against the antigens

Question 26

define antitoxins

Answer 26

ready made antibodies produce in another organism

Question 27

define maternal antibodies

Answer 27

infants can receive maternal antibodies through the placenta before birth or in breast milk

Question 28

what are the 2 component of adaptive immunity?

Answer 28

1. humeral immunity
   involves B cells
2. cell-mediated immunity
   involves T cells

Question 29

define plasma cell

Answer 29

when a B cell matures it is called a plasma cell
- plasma cell produces immunoglobulins

Question 30

examples of immunoglobulins

Answer 30

• IgG
• IgA
• IgM (maternal)
• IgE (allergic reactions)
• IgD

Question 31

define cell-mediated immunity

Answer 31

does not involve antibodies, involves several different T cells with different functions
- cytotoxic T cells (CD8+T cells) attach to antigens + directly kills cells expression antigen, they also secrete cytokines which aid other cells in antigen destruction
- helper T cells (CD4+T cells) assist B cells in making antibodies + stimulate T cells to attack antigens
- suppressor T cells (regulatory T cells) inhibit both B + T cells to prevent them from attacking the body own good cells

Question 32

define complement system

Answer 32

group of proteins that helps antibodies kill their target

Question 33

define dendritic cell

Answer 33

initiates adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T + B cells

Question 34

define monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)

Answer 34

antibodies created in laboratory by special reproductive techniques
- designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells to kill tumour

Question 35

define vaccines

Answer 35

contain antigens (proteins) from a patients tumour cells or from infectious agent.
- when injected they stimulate patients own T cells to recognize + kill cancerous cells

Question 36

define transfer of immune cells

Answer 36

in bone marrow transplant, T lymphocytes from donor replace patients immune system with new cells that recognize tumours as foreign

Question 37

immun/o

Answer 37

protection

Question 38

lymph/o

Answer 38

lymph

Question 39

lymphaden/o

Answer 39

lymph node

Question 40

splen/o

Answer 40

spleen

Question 41

thym/o

Answer 41

thymus gland

Question 42

tox/o

Answer 42

poison

Question 43

ana–

Answer 43

again, new

Question 44

inter–

Answer 44

between