Language of Medicine - Chapter 18

Question 1

define glands

Answer 1

located in many regions of the body + release into the bloodstream

Question 2

define hormones

Answer 2

regulate many + varied functions of an organism

Question 3

define receptors

Answer 3

hormones produce effects by binding to the receptors, which are protein recognition sites in various target tissues

Question 4

define endocrine glands

Answer 4

produce hormones + secrete hormones directly into bloodstream

Question 5

list different endocrine glands

Answer 5

1. thyroid gland
2. parathyroid glands (four)
3. adrenal glands (one pair)
4. pancreas (islet of langerhans)
5. pituitary gland
6. ovaries in females (one pair)
7. testes in male (one pair)
8. pineal gland

Question 6

what are some hormones secreted by endocrine tissue

Answer 6

• erythropoietin (kidney)
• human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG - placenta)
• cholecystokinin (gallbladder)
• prostaglandins

Question 7

define exocrine glands

Answer 7

sends chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts OUTSIDE the body

Question 8

define melatonin

Answer 8

linked to body’s “biological clock” and its though to induce sleep

Question 9

define season affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 9

person suffers from depression in winter months

Question 10

describe thyroid gland

Answer 10

composed of right + left lobe on either side of the trachea

Question 11

describe trachea

Answer 11

bellow large piece of cartilage called thyroid cartilage

Question 12

describe thyroid cartilage

Answer 12

covers larynx + produces prominence on the neck known as “Adams Apple”

Question 13

define isthmus

Answer 13

thyroid gland is a narrow strip of glandular tissue that connect two lobes on the ventral (front) surface of trachea

Question 14

describe thyroxine / tetraiodothyronine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4)

Answer 14

synthesized in the thyroid gland iodine which is picked up from the cloud circulation through the gland + amino acid

Question 15

describe parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 15

secreted by parathyroid glands, mobilizes calcium from bones into the bloodstream

Question 16

define homeostasis

Answer 16

equilibrium of the body

Question 17

describe adrenal glands

Answer 17

2 small glands one on top of each kidney

Question 18

describe kidney

Answer 18

gland consisting of two parts:
1. outer portion = adrenal cortex
2. inner portion = adrenal medulla

Question 19

what does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 19

steroids / corticosteroids

Question 20

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 20

catecholamines

Question 21

what 3 corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 21

1. glucocorticoids = influence metabolism of stars, fats, + proteins within all body cells + have powerful anti inflammatory effect - cortisol is a steroid hormone that raises blood sugars as part of response to stress
2. mineralocorticoids = major mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, regulates concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) + water in body - aldosterone acts on kidney to reabsorb sodium + excrete potassium regulating blood volume + BP + electrolyte concentration
3. sex hormones = androgens (testosterone) + estrogen (made by androgen precursors) are secrete in small amounts + influences by secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair + axillary hair in girls + boys)

Question 22

what are the 2 types of catecholamine hormones secreted by adrenal medulla?

Answer 22

1. epinephrine = adrenaline - increases HR + BP, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose (sugar) from glycogen when body needs more energy
2. norepinephrine = noradrenaline - constricts blood vessels to raise BP

Question 23

define pancreas

Answer 23

located near / behind stomach
- endocrine tissue within pancreas consists of hormone producing cells called islets of langerhans or islet cells

Question 24

define stomach

Answer 24

at the level of first + second lumbar vertebrae

Question 25

what does the islet of langerhans produce?

Answer 25

insulin (produced by beta cells) + glucagon (produced by alpha cells)

Question 26

what helps regulate blood glucose?

Answer 26

insulin + glucagon

Question 27

describe pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Answer 27

small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain in a. small pocket like depression of the skull called the sella turcica

Question 28

what does the pituitary consist of?

Answer 28

- anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) - posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Question 29

what is the pituitary gland often called?

Answer 29

"master gland"

Question 30

describe growth hormone (GH)

Answer 30

promotes protein synthesis that results in growth of bones, muscles, and other tissues, also stimulates the liver to make insulin like growth factor, which stimulates the growth of bones - increases blood glucose levels and is secreted during exercise, sleep + hypoglycaemia

Question 31

describe thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 31

stimulates growth of thyroid gland + secretion of T4 + T3

Question 32

describe gonadtroinin hormones

Answer 32

several gonadotropic hormones influence the growth + hormone secretion of the ovaries in females and testes in males 2 types: 1. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2. luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 33

describe follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 33

females: stimulates growth of eggs in ovaries, production of hormones + ovulation males: FSH influences production of sperm + LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

Question 34

which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store?

Answer 34

1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. oxytocin (OT)

Question 35

describe antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 35

aka vasopressin - stimulates the reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, also increases BP by constricting arterioles

Question 36

describe oxytocin (OT)

Answer 36

stimulates the uterus to contact during childbirth + maintains labour during childbirth also secreted during suckling + causes production of milk from mammary glands

Question 37

what are the ovarian hormones?

Answer 37

estrogen + progesterone

Question 38

aden/o

Answer 38

gland

Question 39

adrenal/o

Answer 39

adrenal gland

Question 40

gonad/o

Answer 40

sex glands (ovaries + testes)

Question 41

pancreat/o

Answer 41

pancreas

Question 42

parathyroid/o

Answer 42

parathyroid gland

Question 43

pituitar/o

Answer 43

pituitary gland; hypophysis

Question 44

thyr/o thyroid/o

Answer 44

thyroid gland

Question 45

andr/o

Answer 45

male

Question 46

calc/o calci/o

Answer 46

calcium

Question 47

cortic/o

Answer 47

cortex, outer region

Question 48

crin/o

Answer 48

secrete

Question 49

dips/o

Answer 49

thirst

Question 50

estr/o

Answer 50

female

Question 51

gluc/o

Answer 51

sugar

Question 52

glyc/o

Answer 52

sugar

Question 53

home/o

Answer 53

sameness

Question 54

hormon/o

Answer 54

hormone

Question 55

kal/i

Answer 55

potassium

Question 56

lact/o

Answer 56

milk

Question 57

myx/o

Answer 57

mucus

Question 58

natr/o

Answer 58

sodium

Question 59

phys/o

Answer 59

growing

Question 60

somat/o

Answer 60

body

Question 61

ster/o

Answer 61

solid structure

Question 62

toc/o

Answer 62

childbirth

Question 63

toxic/o

Answer 63

poison

Question 64

ur/o

Answer 64

urine

Question 65

--agon

Answer 65

assemble, gather, together

Question 66

--emia

Answer 66

blood condition

Question 67

--in, --ine

Answer 67

substance

Question 68

--tropin

Answer 68

stimulating the function of (to turn on or act on)

Question 69

-uria

Answer 69

urine condition

Question 70

eu--

Answer 70

good, normal

Question 71

hyper--

Answer 71

excessive, above

Question 72

hypo--

Answer 72

deficient, below, under, less than normal

Question 73

oxy--

Answer 73

rapid, sharp, acid

Question 74

pan--

Answer 74

all

Question 75

poly--

Answer 75

many or increase

Question 76

tetra--

Answer 76

four

Question 77

tri--

Answer 77

three