Language of Medicine - Chapter 18 Flashcards
Endocrine System
define glands
located in many regions of the body + release into the bloodstream
define hormones
regulate many + varied functions of an organism
define receptors
hormones produce effects by binding to the receptors, which are protein recognition sites in various target tissues
define endocrine glands
produce hormones + secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
list different endocrine glands
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands (four)
- adrenal glands (one pair)
- pancreas (islet of langerhans)
- pituitary gland
- ovaries in females (one pair)
- testes in male (one pair)
- pineal gland
what are some hormones secreted by endocrine tissue
- erythropoietin (kidney)
- human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG - placenta)
- cholecystokinin (gallbladder)
- prostaglandins
define exocrine glands
sends chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts OUTSIDE the body
define melatonin
linked to body’s “biological clock” and its though to induce sleep
define season affective disorder (SAD)
person suffers from depression in winter months
describe thyroid gland
composed of right + left lobe on either side of the trachea
describe trachea
bellow large piece of cartilage called thyroid cartilage
describe thyroid cartilage
covers larynx + produces prominence on the neck known as “Adams Apple”
define isthmus
thyroid gland is a narrow strip of glandular tissue that connect two lobes on the ventral (front) surface of trachea
describe thyroxine / tetraiodothyronine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4)
synthesized in the thyroid gland iodine which is picked up from the cloud circulation through the gland + amino acid
describe parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secreted by parathyroid glands, mobilizes calcium from bones into the bloodstream
define homeostasis
equilibrium of the body
describe adrenal glands
2 small glands one on top of each kidney
describe kidney
gland consisting of two parts:
1. outer portion = adrenal cortex
2. inner portion = adrenal medulla
what does the adrenal cortex secrete?
steroids / corticosteroids
what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
catecholamines
what 3 corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex secrete?
- glucocorticoids = influence metabolism of stars, fats, + proteins within all body cells + have powerful anti inflammatory effect - cortisol is a steroid hormone that raises blood sugars as part of response to stress
- mineralocorticoids = major mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, regulates concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) + water in body - aldosterone acts on kidney to reabsorb sodium + excrete potassium regulating blood volume + BP + electrolyte concentration
- sex hormones = androgens (testosterone) + estrogen (made by androgen precursors) are secrete in small amounts + influences by secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair + axillary hair in girls + boys)
what are the 2 types of catecholamine hormones secreted by adrenal medulla?
- epinephrine = adrenaline - increases HR + BP, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose (sugar) from glycogen when body needs more energy
- norepinephrine = noradrenaline - constricts blood vessels to raise BP
define pancreas
located near / behind stomach
- endocrine tissue within pancreas consists of hormone producing cells called islets of langerhans or islet cells
define stomach
at the level of first + second lumbar vertebrae
what does the islet of langerhans produce?
insulin (produced by beta cells) + glucagon (produced by alpha cells)
what helps regulate blood glucose?
insulin + glucagon
describe pituitary gland (hypophysis)
small pea sized gland located at the base of the brain in a. small pocket like depression of the skull called the sella turcica
what does the pituitary consist of?
- anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
- posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
what is the pituitary gland often called?
“master gland”
describe growth hormone (GH)
promotes protein synthesis that results in growth of bones, muscles, and other tissues, also stimulates the liver to make insulin like growth factor, which stimulates the growth of bones - increases blood glucose levels and is secreted during exercise, sleep + hypoglycaemia
describe thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates growth of thyroid gland + secretion of T4 + T3
describe gonadtroinin hormones
several gonadotropic hormones influence the growth + hormone secretion of the ovaries in females and testes in males
2 types:
1. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
describe follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) + luteinizing hormone (LH)
females: stimulates growth of eggs in ovaries, production of hormones + ovulation
males: FSH influences production of sperm + LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone
which hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store?
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- oxytocin (OT)
describe antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aka vasopressin - stimulates the reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, also increases BP by constricting arterioles
describe oxytocin (OT)
stimulates the uterus to contact during childbirth + maintains labour during childbirth also secreted during suckling + causes production of milk from mammary glands
what are the ovarian hormones?
estrogen + progesterone
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries + testes)
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
thyr/o
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
andr/o
male
calc/o
calci/o
calcium
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
crin/o
secrete
dips/o
thirst
estr/o
female
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
home/o
sameness
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
potassium
lact/o
milk
myx/o
mucus
natr/o
sodium
phys/o
growing
somat/o
body
ster/o
solid structure
toc/o
childbirth
toxic/o
poison
ur/o
urine
–agon
assemble, gather, together
–emia
blood condition
–in, –ine
substance
–tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn on or act on)
-uria
urine condition
eu–
good, normal
hyper–
excessive, above
hypo–
deficient, below, under, less than normal
oxy–
rapid, sharp, acid
pan–
all
poly–
many or increase
tetra–
four
tri–
three
