Language of Medicine - Chapter 15 Flashcards
Musculoskeletal System
what does the musculoskeletal system include?
- bones
- muscles
- joints
describe bones
- provide framework for body which helps protect + support
- inner core of bones is composed hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow - manufactures blood cells), outer bone is storage areas for minerals necessary for growth (calcium + phosphorus)
describe joints
- located where bones come together
describe muscles
- attached to bones or internal organs + blood vessels
- responsible for movement
- internal movement involves contraction + relaxation of muscles near viscera
- external movement accomplished by contraction + relaxation of muscles attached to bones
describe tendons
CT binding muscles to bones
describe ligaments
bind bones to bones
who are orthopedists?
physicians who treat (surgically and medically) bone, joint, + muscle conditions in children
who are rheumatologists?
physicians (nonsurgical) who specialize in joint issues - arthritis
who are physiatrists?
medical doctors who focus on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones, nerves
who are MDs or DOs?
MD = medical doctor
DO = doctor of osteopathy
both can specialize in orthopaedics, rheumatology, or physiatry
who is a chiropractor?
not a physician but has training in physical means to manipulate the spina column, joints + tissues
who are physicals therapists?
doctoral degree, professional who develops a treatment plan based on pt physical impairments with or without diagnosis
- goal is to restore function, improve mobility, and relieve pain
who are athletic trainers?
healthcare professionals working with a physician to provide therapeutic intervention + rehabilitation of injury + medical conditions
describe osseous (bony) tissue
consist of a combination of osteocytes (bone cells), dense CT strands called collagen, and intercellular calcium salts
what are fetal bones composed of?
cartilage which resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible + less dense due to lack of calcium salts in intercellular spaces
define osteoblasts
produce bony tissue replacing cartilage during ossification
define osteoclasts
large cells that reabsorb/digest bony tissue - digest bone tissue from inner sides of bone thus enlarging inner bone cavity + bone does not get thick + heavy
- aka bone phagocytes
what does the formation of bone depend on?
proper supply of calcium + phosphorus
how many bones are in the human body?
206
define long bones
found in thigh, lower leg, + upper/lower arm
these are strong bones, broad ends where they join with other bones + have large surface areas for muscle attachment
define short bones
found in wrist + ankle
these are small, irregular shaped bones
define flat bones
found covering soft body parts
these are bones of the skull, shoulder blades, ribs + pelvic bones
define sesamoid bones
small, round bones found near joints, increase efficiency of tendons at joints
kneecap is the largest sesamoid bone!
describe the parts of the long bone
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal line/plate
- metaphysis
- periosteum
- articulate cartilage
- compact (cortical) bone
- Haversian canals
- medullary cavity
- cancellous bone
define diaphysis
shaft/middle region of bone
define epiphysis
end of bones
define epiphyseal line/plate
represents area of cartilage tissue being replaced by new bone tissue as bone grows (aka growth plate)
define metaphysis
flared potion of bone, lies between epiphysis + diaphysis
define periosteum
strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers surface of long bones, except at ends (epiphysis), extensive nerve supply, all bones covered by periosteum
define articulate cartilage
caps end of one bone that comes in contact with another bone, smooth, strong, and slick tissue, cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly
define compact (cortical) bone
layer of hard, dense bone that lies under periosteum in all bones, located around diaphysis
define Haversian canals
small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen + nutrients to bone + remove waste products like carbon dioxide
define define medullary cavity
central shaft of long bone that contains yellow bone marrow composed mainly of fat cells
define cancellous bone
sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone - more porous + less dense than compact bone
- mineral matter is laid down in a series of separated bony fibres that make up spongy latticework
define trabeculae
found in epiphysis + metaphyses of long bone
what do spaces in callcellous bone contain?
red bone marrow which consists of immature + mature blood cells in various stages of development
define hematopoisis
production of all types of blood cells
define bone processes
enlarged areas that extend out from bones + serve as attachment for muscles, tendons, ligaments
what are the bones of the skull?
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital + ethmoid bone
define sutures
cranial bones join each other at joints called sutures
define fontanelles
soft spots of the skull
describe frontal bones
forms the forehead + roof of sockets that contain eyes
describe the parietal bones
two bones (each side of skull) that form roof + upper part of sides of cranium
describe temporal bones
bones that form the lower sides + base of cranium, each bone encloses eat + contains fossa for joining with mandible
define temporomandibular joint (JMT)
are of connection between temporal + mandibular bones
define mastoid process
round process of temporal bone behind the ears
define styloid process
projects downwards from the temporal bone
describe the occipital bone
bat shaped bone, extends behind the eyes + forms part of base of skull, joins with frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bones so it serves as an anchor to hold them all together
define sell turcica
depression in sphenoid bone in which pituitary gland is located
describe the ethmoid bone
thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity + forms part of the sockets of eyes
- composed of spongy, cancellous bone, which contains numerous small holes
what are the facial bones?
- nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, mandibular zygomatic, vomer, sinuses
are the facial bones moveable?
no they are immovable, expect for the mandible
why is movement of the mandible necessary?
ability to move is necessary for mastication (chewing) + speaking
describe nasal bones
2 slender bones that support bridge of nose, join with frontal bone superiorly + form nasal septum
describe lacrimal bones
2 small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye, contains fossae for the lacrimal gland (tear glands) + canals for passage of lacrimal duct
describe maxillary bones
2 large bones, compose massive upper jaw bones (maxillae), they are joined by a suture in the median plane
- if the 2 bones do not come together before birth, the condition is known as cleft palate
describe mandibular bone
lower jawbone (mandible), both maxilla + mandible contain sockets called alveoli which teeth are embedded
- joins the skill at temporal bone region - forming on either side of skull
describe zygomatic bones
2 bones, one on each side of face that form high portions of cheeks
describe vomer bone
thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
describe the sinuses
aka air cavities, located in specific planes within the cranial + facial bones to lighten the skull + warm/moisten air as it passes through
describe the vertebral column
composed of 26 bone fragments called vertebrae, arranged in 5 division from base of skull to tailbone, bones are separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral discs
what are the parts to a vertebrae
- vertebral body
- spinous process
- transverse process
- lamina
- spinal canal
describe vertebral body
inner, thick round anterior portion
where are the intervertebral discs located
between the body of one vertebra + body of the vertebra lying beneath or above
- provides flexibility + absorbs shocks to vertebral column
describe spinous process
posterior portion of vertebrae (vertebral arch)
describe transverse process
on the sides of the spinous process
describe lamina
bar like structure located between the transverse process + spinous process
describe the neural / spinal canal
space between the vertebral body + vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
what are the divisions of vertebral column?
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacrum
- coccyx
describe the cervical region
C1-C7
these vertebra to not articulate (join) with ribs
describe the thoracic region
T1-T12
these vertebra articulate (join) with the 12 ribs
describe the lumbar region
L1-L5
strongest + largest vertebra, do not articulate (join) with ribs
describe sacral vertebra (sacrum)
5 separate bones that fuse in young child, in adult sacrum is slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone
describe coccyx
tailbone, fused bone formed by 4 small. coccygeal bones
what are bones of the thorax?
- clavicle
- scapula
- sternum
- ribs
describe clavicle
collarbone; slender bone, m position anteriorly (ventrally) one on each side, connecting to breastbone (sternum) to each shoulder blade (scapula)
describe scapula
shoulder blade, 1 of 2 flat, triangular bones of each dorsal side of thorax
- extension of scapula that joins wth clavicle to form a joint above shoulder called acromion - joint formed = acromioclavicular (AC) joint
describe sternum
breastbone; flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of chest
- upper part of sternum articulates on sides with clavicle + ribs
- lower part is narrower + attached to ribs, diaphragm, + abdominal muscles
describe the ribs
12 pairs, first 7 pairs going the sternum anteriorly through cartilaginous attachments called costal cartilages
- ribs 1-7 are called true ribs + 8-10 are false ribs + 11-12 are floating ribs
what are bones arm + hand
- humerus
- ulna
- radius
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
describe humerus
upper arm bone, large head is rounded + joins with fibrocartilage called labrum, guides the humorous as it moves in the glenoid fossa
describe the rotator cuff
group of muscles with tendons that surround the shoulder joint
describe ulna
medial lower arm (forearm) bone, proximal bony process of ulna at elbow is called olecranon (elbow)
describe radius
lateral, lower arm (forearm) bone - in line with thumb
describe carpals
wrist bones 2 rows of 4 bones in each wrist
describe metacarpals
5 bones of the palm of the hand
describe phalanges - hand
finger bones; each finger (except thumb) has 3 - proximal, middle, + distal the thumb only has 2 proximal + distal
what are the bones of the pelvis
- pelvic girdle
- ileum
- ischium
- pubis
- pelvic cavity
describe pelvic girdle
aka pelvis
- collection of bones that supports the trunk + articulates with femur to form hip joint
- adult pelvis is composed of 3 bones fused: ileum, ischium, + pubis
- joins posteriorly with sacrum
describe ileum
uppermost + largest portion of pelvis
- dorsally the 2 parts of ileum do not meet, rather they join the sacrum on either side to form sacroiliac joints
- connection between iliac bones + sacrum is very firm + little motion at joints
- superior part of ileum is iliac crest
- filled with red bone marrow + serves as attachment for abdominal wall muscles
describe ischium
inferior to lower part of pelvis, ischium + ligaments, tendons + muscles attached to it are what you sit on
describe pubis
part of pelvis - 2 pubic bones join by way of cartilaginous disc (pubic symphysis) - quite rigid
describe pelvic cavity
region within the ring of bone formed by pelvic girdle
- rectum, sigmoid colon, bladder, female reproductive organs lie within pelvic cavity + protected by pelvic girdle
what are bones of leg + foot
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
describe femur
thigh bone; longest bone in body, proximal end fits into depression or socket of pelvis (socket = acetabulum)
- head of femur + acetabulum form ball + socket joint aka hip joint
describe patella
kneecap; small, flat bone that lies in front of articulation between fetus + tibia
- sesamoid bone surrounded by protective tendons + held in place by muscle attachments
- together with femur + tibia forms knee joint
describe tibia
larger bone in lower leg, runs under skin in front of leg
- inside of ankle forms a bony prominence (medial malleolus)
- aka shinbone
describe fibula
smaller bone in lower leg, thin bone hidden under leg muscle, runs parallel to tibia
- distal part forms a flare which is bony prominence (lateral malleolus) outside ankle
- tibia + fibula form talus (first tarsal bone) + form ankle joint
describe tarsals
bones of hind + mid parts of foot, 7 short bones resemble the carpals, but are larger
- calcaneus = largest tarsal bone - aka heel bone
describe metatarsals
bones between tarsals + phalanges, 5 bones (similar to metacarpals), each articulates with phalanges of toes
describe phalanges (toes)
bones of forefoot
- two in big toe and 3 in the rest
calc/o
calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
lamin/o
lamina
lord/o
curve, swayback
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent
spondyl/o
vertebra
*used to make words about conditions of the structure
vertebr/o
vertebra
*used to describe the structure itself
–blast
embryonic or immature cell
–clast
to break
–listhesis
slipping
–malacia
softening
–physis
to grow
–porosis
pore, passage
–tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bone)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
cost/o
ribs (true, false, floating)
crani/o
cranium
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ileum (upper part of pelvis)
ischi/o
ischium (posterior part of pelvis)
malleol/o
malleolus (process on side of ankle)
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
patell/o
patella
pelv/o
pelvis
phalang/o
phalanges (fingers or toes)
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of pelvic bone)
radi/o
radius (forearm - thumb side)
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
tars/o
tarsals (bones of mid + hind foot)
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
uln/o
ulna (forearm - pinky side)
define flexion
decreasing angle between two bones; bending a limb
define extension
increasing angle between two bones; straightening a limb
define abduction
movement away from midline of body
define adduction
movement towards midline of body
define rotation
circular movement around axis
define dorsiflexion
decreasing angle of ankle joint; foot moves upwards toward knee/ceiling
define planter flexion
motion towards foot downward toward ground like stepping on gas pedal
define supination
turning palm up
define pronation
turning palm down
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous CT
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines walls of internal organs
my/o
myos/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
plant/o
sole of foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
sarc/o
muscle + flesh
–asthenia
lack of strength
–trophy
development; nourishment
ab–
away from
ad–
toward
dorsi–
back
poly–
many, much
