Eyes

Question 1

name the 6 sets of extraocular muscles and the cranial nerve (CN) that innervates them

Answer 1

1. superior oblique (CN IV - trochlear)
2. medial rectus (CN III - oculomotor)
3. inferior rectus (CN VI - abducens)
4. inferior oblique (CN III - oculomotor)
5. lateral rectus (CN III - oculomotor)
6. superior rectus (CN III - oculomotor)

Question 2

name and describe the 3 coats of the eye

Answer 2

1. sclera = outer, fibrous
2. chorioid = middle, vascular
3. retina = inner, nervous

Question 3

name the functions of the ciliary body, pupil + iris

Answer 3

1. ciliary body = muscle for accommodation, release aqueous humour, controls thickness or iris, bulge to focus on near + flattens for far
2. pupil = hole that light passes through, constricts / dilates
3. iris = biconcave disc located anterior to pupil, refractory, helps focus

Question 4

describe how an image formed on the retina compares with an objects actual appearance in the outside word

Answer 4

image formed is upside down + reversed from its actual appearance in the outside world

Question 5

describe the lacrimal system

Answer 5

provides constant irrigation to keep the conjunctiva + cornea moist + lubricated

Question 6

define the papillary light reflex, fixation + accommodation

Answer 6

1. papillary light reflex = normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retina (no conscious control)
2. fixation = reflex direction of eye towards an object, attracting our attention
3. accommodation = adaption of eye near vision

Question 7

concerning the pupillary light reflex, describe and contrast a direct light reflex, with consensual light reflex

Answer 7

optic nerve (CN II) carries sensory afferent message + then synapses with both sides of the brain

Question 8

identify common age-related changes in the eye

Answer 8

• lacrimal gland involute (decrease tear production)
• infiltration of degenerative lipid material shows around limbus
• decrease pupil size
• lens loses elasticity, becomes hard + glass like

Question 9

discuss the most common of decreased visual function in older adults

Answer 9

cataract formation, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy

Question 10

explain the statement of normal visual acuity (20/20)

Answer 10

numerator = distance at which patient can read the letters
denominator = distance at which a normal person can read the letters

Question 11

describe the method of testing for presbyopia

Answer 11

hand help vision screening

Question 12

to test for accommodation, the person focuses on a distant object, then shifts the gaze to a near object about 15cm away. At a near distance, you would expect the pupils to ____ and the axes of the eyes to ____

Answer 12

constrict
converge

Question 13

concerning malalignment of the eye axes, contrast phobia with tropia

Answer 13

phoria = mild weakness when fusion is blocked
tropia = more severe constant malalignment

Question 14

describe abnormal findings of tissue color that are possible on the conjunctiva and sclera and their significance

Answer 14

general reddening, cyanosis of lower lids, yellowing of sclera

Question 15

describe pingueculae VS pterygium

Answer 15

pingueculae = yellowish patch / bump on conjunctiva that results in deposit of protein, fat and/or can often lead to a pterygium
pterygium = triangular growth on sclera

Question 16

describe conjunctivitis

Answer 16

infection of conjunctivitis
aka pink eye

Question 17

describe subconjunctival hemorrhage

Answer 17

small blood vessel in the white of the eye breaks

Question 18

describe iritis

Answer 18

inflammation of iris + anterior chamber

Question 19

describe acute glaucoma

Answer 19

iris blocks drainage angle of eye causing increase in pressure

Question 20

define accommodation

Answer 20

adaptation of eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens

Question 21

define anisocoria

Answer 21

unequal pupil size

Question 22

define arcus senilis

Answer 22

grey-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging

Question 23

define argyll Robertson pupil

Answer 23

no reaction of pupil to light but does constrict with accommodation

Question 24

define arteriovenous crossing

Answer 24

crossing paths of an artery + vein in the ocular fundus

Question 25

define bitemporal hemianopsia

Answer 25

loss of both temporal visual fields

Question 26

define blepharitis

Answer 26

inflammation of the glands + eyelash follicles along the margin of eyelids

Question 27

define cataract

Answer 27

opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging + gradually obstructs vision

Question 28

define chalazion

Answer 28

an infection or retention cyst of a meibomian gland, showing as a beady nodule on the eyelid

Question 29

define conjunctivitis

Answer 29

infection of the conjunctiva "pinkeye"

Question 30

define cotton wool spots

Answer 30

abnormal soft exudates visible as grey-white areas on the ocular fundus

Question 31

define cup-disc ratio

Answer 31

ratio of width of the physiological cup to the width of optic disc, normally half or less

Question 32

define dioptre

Answer 32

unit of strength of the lens settings on the ophthalmoscope that changes focus on the eye structure

Question 33

define diplopia

Answer 33

double vision

Question 34

define drusen

Answer 34

benign deposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots + occur commonly with aging

Question 35

define ectropion

Answer 35

lower eyelid loose + rolling outward

Question 36

define entropion

Answer 36

lower eyelid rolling inward

Question 37

define exophthalmos

Answer 37

protruding eyeballs

Question 38

define fovea centralis

Answer 38

area of sharpest + keenest vision; it is at the centre of the macula on the ocular fundus

Question 39

define glaucoma

Answer 39

group of eye diseases characterized by increase intraocular pressure

Question 40

define hordeolum

Answer 40

a stye; red, painful pustule that is a localized infection of the hair follicle at the eyelid margin

Question 41

define lid lag

Answer 41

abnormal white rim of sclera visible between the upper eyelid + the iris when a person moves the eyes downward

Question 42

define macula

Answer 42

a round, darker area of the ocular fundus that mediates vision only from the central visual field

Question 43

define microaneurysm

Answer 43

abnormal finding of round punctuate red dots on the ocular fundus that are localized dilations of small vessels

Question 44

define miosis

Answer 44

constricted pupils

Question 45

define mydriasis

Answer 45

dilated pupils

Question 46

define myopia

Answer 46

"nearsightedness"; refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision

Question 47

define nystagmus

Answer 47

involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of eyeball

Question 48

define O.D.

Answer 48

oculus dexter, or right eye

Question 49

define optic atrophy

Answer 49

pallor of the optic disc due to partial or complete depth of optic nerve

Question 50

define optic disc

Answer 50

area of the ocular fundus in which blood vessels exit + enter

Question 51

define O.S.

Answer 51

oculus sinister, or left eye

Question 52

define papilledema

Answer 52

stasis of blood flow out of the ocular fundus; sing of increased intracranial pressure

Question 53

define pingueculae

Answer 53

yellowish elevated nodules caused by a thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva as a result of prolonged expsure to sun, wind, dust

Question 54

define presbyopia

Answer 54

decrease in power of accommodation that occurs with aging

Question 55

define pterygium

Answer 55

triangular opaque tissue on the nasal side of the conjunctiva that grows toward the centre of cornea

Question 56

define ptosis

Answer 56

drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possible covering the pupil

Question 57

define red reflex

Answer 57

red glow that appears to fill the person pupil when the visualized through the ophthalmoscope

Question 58

define strabismus

Answer 58

squint, crossed eye, disparity of the eye axes

Question 59

define xanthelasma

Answer 59

soft, raised yellow plaques on the eyelids at the inner corners of the eyes