Thinking Exam 3

Question 1

Cognitive psychology:

Answer 1

study of thinking, memory, decision making, and communicating.

Question 2

Concepts – prototype & exemplar models:

Answer 2

mental grouping of similar ideas groups or people. It helps us simplify our processing.

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.

Question 4

Exemplar models:

Answer 4

Specific examples. Typing the creature or thing in the search box and whatever has the most hits, we think that will be the one since it has the most examples.

Question 5

Decision-making ; Heuristics

Answer 5

simple thinking strategies that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently: Usually speedier but also more error prone than an algorithm

Question 6

Availability heuristics:

Answer 6

We tend to estimate in our heads the likelihood of an event occurring based on its availability in memory. If I can quickly and easily come up with an example that must be the more common outcome. True most of the time.

Question 7

Representativeness Heuristics:

Answer 7

when we estimate the likely hood of an event based on acertain mental image. How closely it looks to something that we thought is possible in our memory.
“To decide if someone is a lawyer, I compare that person’s characteristics to the characteristics of the typical lawyer.”

Question 8

Framing Heuristics

Answer 8

The way a problem is worded can affect the decision made around it. Imagine two surgeons explaining the risk of an upcoming surgery. One explains that during this type of surgery, 10 percent of people die. The other explains that 90 percent survive. The information is the same. The effect is not. In real-life surveys patients and physicians overwhelmingly say the risk is greater when they hear that 10 percent die.

Question 9

Conscious effort – algorithm

Answer 9

a logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem, but usually take a longer time. Activation in frontal lobe.

Question 10

Fixation

Answer 10

in cognition the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstacle to problem solving.

Question 11

Mental sets:

Answer 11

a tendency to approach a problem in one way. A way that has been successful in the past. prevent us from seeing new way to interpret a situation

Question 12

Insight

Answer 12

a sudden realization of a problems solution, usually abrupt.