Exam 2 lec 8 SENSATION & PERCEPTION, LEARNING

Question 1

Taste:

Answer 1

Taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami (savory, meaty taste.)

Question 2

Smell:

Answer 2

Unlike all the other senses which are detected by the hypothalamus, sense of smell is detected by olfactory, receptors on top of each nasal cavity. Smells are primitive and harder to describe and recall.

Question 3

Classical conditioning:

Answer 3

leaning to associate two stimuli, any event or situation that evokes a response and as a result to anticipate events. We lean that flash of lightning signals a crack of thunder. Tone drooling food

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus:

Answer 4

the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (food in mouth).

Question 5

Unconditioned response:

Answer 5

an unlearned naturally occurring response (salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (food).

Question 6

Conditioned response:

Answer 6

: a learned response to previously neutral stimulus (salivation in response to a tone).

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus:

Answer 7

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response (previously meaningless tone that now triggers salivation)

Question 8

Acquisition:

Answer 8

The initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery:

Answer 9

the reappearance after a pause of extinguished conditioned response. Salivating after hearing the tone gain a day later. Reappearance of weakened conditioned stimulus after a pause

Question 10

Extinction: :

Answer 10

The diminishing of a conditioned response when conditioned stimulus(tone) no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus (food).

Question 11

Cognitive elements:

Answer 11

Generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other similar situations. When a face that we have been conditioned to dislike is morphed into another face we also have the same tendency to dislike the vaguely similar morphed face.

Question 12

Conditioned = learned Unconditioned = unlearned

Answer 12

Conditioned = learned Unconditioned = unlearned

Question 13

Application to phobias – Little Albert

Answer 13

Leaned Fear.
Albert feared loud noises but not white rats. every time Albert would approach the white rat presented in front of him, a loud noise of a hammer strikes. After several repeats of touching the rat and hearing the loud noise as a consequence, Alberts burst into tears at the mere sight of the rat.

Question 14

Operant conditioning:

Answer 14

learn to associate a repose and its consequence. This we learns to repeat acts followed by good result and a avoid acts followed by bad results. These associations
produce behavior that operated on the environment producing a consequence.

Question 15

Operant chamber (Skinner box):

Answer 15

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal

can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attached devices record the animal’s rate of pressing the key.

Question 16

Reinforcement:

Answer 16

Any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of the preceding response

Question 17

Positive reinforcement:

Answer 17

(adding) Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response. (Pet a dog that comes when you call it)

Question 18

Negative reinforcement:

Answer 18

(removing) Increasing behavior by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response. (Fastening seat belt to end the beeping)

Question 19

Punishment:

Answer 19

an event that tends to describe the behavior that it follows.

Question 20

Positive punishment:

Answer 20

administer an aversive stimulus. (Give a traffic ticket for speeding)

Question 21

Negative punishment:

Answer 21

withdraw a rewarding stimulus. (Take away a misbehaving teen driving privileges)