Exam 2 lec 9 LEARNING & MEMORY

Question 1

Shaping:

Answer 1

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. Rewarding successive approximations to reinforce the responses that are closer to the desired behavior.

Question 2

Reinforcement schedule:

Answer 2

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 3

Continuous reinforcement schedule:

Answer 3

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

(giving a reward for a dog every time they display desired behavior.

Question 4

Partial reinforcement:

Answer 4

reinforcing a repose only part of the time, results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement (Ex slot machines, reward machines reward gamblers occasionally and unpredictably)

Question 5

Fixed interval schedules:

Answer 5

reinforce the first response after a fixed period. Paycheck

Question 6

Variable interval schedules:

Answer 6

reinforcement for behavior after a random number of times. Checking phone for messages.

Question 7

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 7

reinforces behavior a after a set number of responses (coffee shops may reward us with a free drink after every 10 purchased)

Question 8

Variable ratio schedules:

Answer 8

provide reinforces after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses. Gambling and lottery games.

Question 9

Latent learning:

Answer 9

leaning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. When rats running in a maze are given a reward at the end they tend to run faster.

Question 10

Biological elements – neural & evolutionary:

Answer 10

: Organisms learn behaviors that are similar to their natural behaviors.

Question 11

Modeling/ Vicarious Learning:

Answer 11

the process of learning specific behaviors and imitating

others(child sees his sister burns her finger on a hot stove leans not to touch it

Question 12

Exposure to media violence:

Answer 12

Media violence can cause aggression. Those who view violence react more cruelly when provoked.

Question 13

Neural mechanism - mirror neurons:

Answer 13

Neurons that fire when we perform certain actions
or when we observe another doing so. The same neuron fires when someone is praising us and the same neuron fires when we see someone praising someone else. Ex yawning

Question 14

Encoding:

Answer 14

Getting information into our brain

Question 15

Storage:

Answer 15

retaining encoded information

Question 16

Retrieval:

Answer 16

Later getting that information out

Question 17

Levels of processing:

Answer 17

we process verbal information at different levels

Question 18

Shallow processing:

Answer 18

encodes on elementary level. Such as basic structure or appearance of a word. (Words letters)

Question 19

Deep processing:

Answer 19

encodes based on the meaning of the word.

Question 20

Mnemonics:

Answer 20

Aid memory; something that aide’s memory (Based on Imagery; Wordplay’s acronyms).