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Peds > Theories of Development > Flashcards

Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What theory provides a famework for explaining the patterns and problems of development?

A

Development theory

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2
Q

Three grand theories

A

Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorism Theory
Cognitive Theory

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3
Q

A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood underlie human behavior
* So the irrational unconscious drives and motives make up human behavior

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

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4
Q

Which theory thinks that every stage of your life was from a crisis / challaenge. You can have different outcomes at each stage that affect who you are.

what are the 8 stages

A

Behavorism

NOTE: Its made up of 8 developmental stages

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5
Q

Which theory thinks that psychologists should examine only what they could see and measure (physical things), not irrational thoughts and hidden urges. All the things going on in the mind cannot be studied

A

Behavorism
- makes sense, they want to study physical behavior

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6
Q

What theory comes in several stages and has unconscious drives, inborn and animal like, mostly sexual and aggressive-infancy

A

Psychoanalytic theory

NOTE: This theory has very rigid stages

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7
Q

Which theory believes that development occurs in increments, not stages?

A

Behavorism

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8
Q

Which theory beleives that “everything can be learned”

A

Behavorism

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9
Q

Behavorism = Learning theory

A
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10
Q

The process by which responses become linked to certain stimuli and learning takes place

A

Conditioning

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11
Q

The learning process in which a meaningul stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning

think good grades for assignment well done

A

Classical conditining

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12
Q

I can take a dozen babies and train them to be any specific thing you like. What theory

A

Behavorism

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13
Q

Behavior modified by reinforcement or punishment

A

Operant Conditioning

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14
Q

Technique for conditining behavior where behavior is followed by something desired

A

Reinforcement

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15
Q

Behavior is discouraged

A

Punishment

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16
Q
A

Positive = adding
Negative = subtracting

Positive punishment: Adding something to decrease behavior
* EX: Child touches a hot stove and feels pain - the pain is added to reduce the likelihood of touching the stove

Negative punishment: Removing something to decrease behavior
* A teenager loses their phone privilveges (something desirable is taken away) because they missed curfewm duscouraging them from being late in the future

Positive Reinforcement: Adding something to increase behavior
* A student gets a reward, like a sticker or candy, for completing their homework on time, encouraging them to keep doing it

Negative reinforcement: Removing something to increase desired behavior
* A driver puts on their seatbelt to stop the car’s annoying beeping sound (the beeping is removed, encrouaging seatbelt use)

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17
Q

An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and limiation of other people

A

Social learning

The big question for these theories is how can someone develope in a household where parents are terrible people and the child turns out the exact opposite. Where does that come from? some of it has to be internally motivated.

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18
Q

In what theory do humans sometimes learn without personal reinforcement

A

Social learning theory

May occur through modeling, when people copy what they see others do

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19
Q

A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. Our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

A

Cognitive Theory

The big difference between this and behavorism is that behavorism just looked at what you can see, while this includes your thoughts

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20
Q

Cognitive theory

A
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21
Q

The cognitive theory is subdivided. Which part of this theory is when the child gains object permanence?

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)

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22
Q

which subdivision of the cognitive theory includes children thinking egocentrically, causinf them to perceive the world from their own perspective only?

A

Preoperational (2-6)

23
Q

Which subdivision of cognitive theory includes the child having limited thinkingto what they can personally see, hear, touch and experience?

A

Concrete operational

24
Q

Which subdivision of cognitive theory includes being able to think abstractly and hypothetically?

A

Formal operational

25
Q

The ecological-systems approach (bioecological) is subdivided into what 3 systems?

A

1) Microsystems
2) Exosystems
3) Macrosystems

26
Q

which system Immediate surrounding. Includes family, friends, schoool, relgious class

A

microsystems

27
Q

which system includes Local institutions-school system, relgious organization, workplace

A

Exosystems

28
Q

which system is cultural values, economic policies, and political processes. Essentially larger contexts

A

Macrosystems

29
Q

Everything is driven by the CNS (not that everything is trained/learned). Basically saying its preprogramed.

A

Neuromaturational Theory

(basically it doesnt matter if you see it or anything else, your CNS drives it to happen no matter what)

Is def partly true - you can never see another baby walk and still learn how to walk (with no external observation)

30
Q

Primitive reflexes are building blocks of development is what theory

A

Neuromaturational Theory

31
Q

Linear: All children pass through same developmental milestones at different rates is what theory?

A

Neuromaturational

Makes sense, most kids learn the same skills, just on a different time lines

32
Q

KNOW: The neuromaturational theory led to development of important tests of motor milestones that continue to have large influence on practice in diagnosis of development delay

A
33
Q

Child must break free of asymmetrical movement patterns to achieve functional goals such as manipulation is what theory

A

Neural maturationist

34
Q

Functional behaviors appear as the NS matures with more complex behaviors being based on the activity of progressively higher level of the nervous system (when you’re ready to do a skill everything else needs to be there but the CNS drives it and rules it all) is what theroy?

They need to be able to get out of movement reflexes / patterns to be able to move/develop

A

Neural Maturastionist

35
Q

which theory encompasses the stages of equilibrium and disequilibrium?

A

Neuro maturationist

36
Q

Explain stages of developent with equilibrium and disequilibrium?

A

Every 1-1.5 years you enter a stage of disequilibrium (lasts about .5 years) then you stabilize again

Parents will say “My kid was terrible, then my kid has been acting great, then my kid is terrible again” - indicating that they’re going in and out of equlibrium.

37
Q

Twin that has exact same genetic code

A

Identical

38
Q

Twins w/o the same genetic code

A

Fraternal (same as any siblings)

39
Q

Nature = Genetic code
Nurture = Environment

A
40
Q

Which is pediatric PT largely derivied from

A

Neural Maturationist Theory

41
Q

Emphasis placed on examination of stages of reflex development and motor milestones as reflections of icnreasing levels of neural maturation is = Pediatric PT
* NOTE: OG thought was getting rid of pediatric reflexes would lead to functional development
* NOTE: Now its more functional based

A
42
Q

What does a reflex intergrating mean?

A

Its gone away

NOTE: some develop and don’t go away (and can be a good thing)

43
Q

What theory places neural maturation on equal plane with other structures and processes that interact to promote motor development?

A

Dynamical systems theory

44
Q

Which theory states that the environment carries the same importance as the organism. However, the cooperating systems all develop at a different rate and so some components become rate limiting?

A

Dynamical systems theory

Basically saying everything needs to develop. You need to have the right strength, the right cognitive status, sensory system needs to be developed the right way at the right time. You need to have everything together and not have anything rate limiting

As therapist our job is to find whats rate limiting and fix it.
* Say they didnt have head strength/control –> well now thats where we step in and fix this

45
Q

Which theory states that movement development is self-organizing and emergent as a result of an interaction of subsystems

A

Dynamical systems

Essentially saying everything needs to develop right to do the task

46
Q

Which theory states that developmental change is seen not as a series of stages, but as a series of states of stability, instability, and phase shifts in which new states become stable aspects of behavior
* So development isnt linear, it goes up and down

A

Dynamical system theory

47
Q

KNOW: As pediactric therapists using the dynamical systems theory we would first search for constrains in subsystems that limit motor behavior (rate limitors)

Next we would create an environment that supports or compensates for weaker or less mature (rate-limiting) components of the system to promote activity and participation

Attention to setting up therapeutic environment that affords opportunities to practice tasks in meanful and functional manner

Use of activities that prmote exploration of different movement patterns

Search for control parameters that can be manipulated to facilitate the attainment of goals (speed, force, etc)

KNOW: Every kid when learning motor milestones try 1000s of different ways until the find the best way to do it.

A
48
Q

Which theory believes that development is not just the result of genetics or the environment, but rather the interweaving of events at a given moment (weaving everything together)

A

Dynamic Systems Theory

49
Q

KNOW: Dynamic Systems Theory believes that development is:
1) Complex
2) Non-Linear: Theres no time where development really stops
3) Emergying

A
50
Q
A
51
Q

Rate promoting =

Rate limiting =

A

= Whats helping them

= Whats not helping

52
Q

NOTE: Spin things positive - kids do great w/ positive feed back

A
53
Q

NOTE: She said that we should be looking at the full picture when considering development
* Look at rate limiting factor / root cause
* Also look for the good as well and frame it positive
* Look for what they can do “look how great you’re doing”

A

Peds (30 decks)

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