Theories of Development

Question 1

What theory provides a famework for explaining the patterns and problems of development?

Answer 1

Development theory

Question 2

Three grand theories

Answer 2

Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorism Theory
Cognitive Theory

Question 3

A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood underlie human behavior
* So the irrational unconscious drives and motives make up human behavior

Answer 3

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 4

Which theory thinks that every stage of your life was from a crisis / challaenge. You can have different outcomes at each stage that affect who you are.

what are the 8 stages

Answer 4

Behavorism

NOTE: Its made up of 8 developmental stages

Question 5

Which theory thinks that psychologists should examine only what they could see and measure (physical things), not irrational thoughts and hidden urges. All the things going on in the mind cannot be studied

Answer 5

Behavorism
- makes sense, they want to study physical behavior

Question 6

What theory comes in several stages and has unconscious drives, inborn and animal like, mostly sexual and aggressive-infancy

Answer 6

Psychoanalytic theory

NOTE: This theory has very rigid stages

Question 7

Which theory believes that development occurs in increments, not stages?

Answer 7

Behavorism

Question 8

Which theory beleives that “everything can be learned”

Answer 8

Behavorism

Question 9

Behavorism = Learning theory

Question 10

The process by which responses become linked to certain stimuli and learning takes place

Answer 10

Conditioning

Question 11

The learning process in which a meaningul stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning

think good grades for assignment well done

Answer 11

Classical conditining

Question 12

I can take a dozen babies and train them to be any specific thing you like. What theory

Answer 12

Behavorism

Question 13

Behavior modified by reinforcement or punishment

Answer 13

Operant Conditioning

Question 14

Technique for conditining behavior where behavior is followed by something desired

Answer 14

Reinforcement

Question 15

Behavior is discouraged

Answer 15

Punishment

Question 16

Answer 16

Positive = adding
Negative = subtracting

Positive punishment: Adding something to decrease behavior
* EX: Child touches a hot stove and feels pain - the pain is added to reduce the likelihood of touching the stove

Negative punishment: Removing something to decrease behavior
* A teenager loses their phone privilveges (something desirable is taken away) because they missed curfewm duscouraging them from being late in the future

Positive Reinforcement: Adding something to increase behavior
* A student gets a reward, like a sticker or candy, for completing their homework on time, encouraging them to keep doing it

Negative reinforcement: Removing something to increase desired behavior
* A driver puts on their seatbelt to stop the car’s annoying beeping sound (the beeping is removed, encrouaging seatbelt use)

Question 17

An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and limiation of other people

Answer 17

Social learning

The big question for these theories is how can someone develope in a household where parents are terrible people and the child turns out the exact opposite. Where does that come from? some of it has to be internally motivated.

Question 18

In what theory do humans sometimes learn without personal reinforcement

Answer 18

Social learning theory

May occur through modeling, when people copy what they see others do

Question 19

A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. Our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Answer 19

Cognitive Theory

The big difference between this and behavorism is that behavorism just looked at what you can see, while this includes your thoughts

Question 20

Cognitive theory

Question 21

The cognitive theory is subdivided. Which part of this theory is when the child gains object permanence?

Answer 21

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Question 22

which subdivision of the cognitive theory includes children thinking egocentrically, causinf them to perceive the world from their own perspective only?

Answer 22

Preoperational (2-6)

Question 23

Which subdivision of cognitive theory includes the child having limited thinkingto what they can personally see, hear, touch and experience?

Answer 23

Concrete operational

Question 24

Which subdivision of cognitive theory includes being able to think abstractly and hypothetically?

Answer 24

Formal operational

Question 25

The ecological-systems approach (bioecological) is subdivided into what 3 systems?

Answer 25

1) Microsystems
2) Exosystems
3) Macrosystems

Question 26

which system Immediate surrounding. Includes family, friends, schoool, relgious class

Answer 26

microsystems

Question 27

which system includes Local institutions-school system, relgious organization, workplace

Answer 27

Exosystems

Question 28

which system is cultural values, economic policies, and political processes. Essentially larger contexts

Answer 28

Macrosystems

Question 29

Everything is driven by the CNS (not that everything is trained/learned). Basically saying its preprogramed.

Answer 29

Neuromaturational Theory

(basically it doesnt matter if you see it or anything else, your CNS drives it to happen no matter what)

Is def partly true - you can never see another baby walk and still learn how to walk (with no external observation)

Question 30

Primitive reflexes are building blocks of development is what theory

Answer 30

Neuromaturational Theory

Question 31

Linear: All children pass through same developmental milestones at different rates is what theory?

Answer 31

Neuromaturational

Makes sense, most kids learn the same skills, just on a different time lines

Question 32

KNOW: The neuromaturational theory led to development of important tests of motor milestones that continue to have large influence on practice in diagnosis of development delay

Question 33

Child must break free of asymmetrical movement patterns to achieve functional goals such as manipulation is what theory

Answer 33

Neural maturationist

Question 34

Functional behaviors appear as the NS matures with more complex behaviors being based on the activity of progressively higher level of the nervous system (when you’re ready to do a skill everything else needs to be there but the CNS drives it and rules it all) is what theroy?

They need to be able to get out of movement reflexes / patterns to be able to move/develop

Answer 34

Neural Maturastionist

Question 35

which theory encompasses the stages of equilibrium and disequilibrium?

Answer 35

Neuro maturationist

Question 36

Explain stages of developent with equilibrium and disequilibrium?

Answer 36

Every 1-1.5 years you enter a stage of disequilibrium (lasts about .5 years) then you stabilize again

Parents will say “My kid was terrible, then my kid has been acting great, then my kid is terrible again” - indicating that they’re going in and out of equlibrium.

Question 37

Twin that has exact same genetic code

Answer 37

Identical

Question 38

Twins w/o the same genetic code

Answer 38

Fraternal (same as any siblings)

Question 39

Nature = Genetic code
Nurture = Environment

Question 40

Which is pediatric PT largely derivied from

Answer 40

Neural Maturationist Theory

Question 41

Emphasis placed on examination of stages of reflex development and motor milestones as reflections of icnreasing levels of neural maturation is = Pediatric PT
* NOTE: OG thought was getting rid of pediatric reflexes would lead to functional development
* NOTE: Now its more functional based

Question 42

What does a reflex intergrating mean?

Answer 42

Its gone away

NOTE: some develop and don’t go away (and can be a good thing)

Question 43

What theory places neural maturation on equal plane with other structures and processes that interact to promote motor development?

Answer 43

Dynamical systems theory

Question 44

Which theory states that the environment carries the same importance as the organism. However, the cooperating systems all develop at a different rate and so some components become rate limiting?

Answer 44

Dynamical systems theory

Basically saying everything needs to develop. You need to have the right strength, the right cognitive status, sensory system needs to be developed the right way at the right time. You need to have everything together and not have anything rate limiting

As therapist our job is to find whats rate limiting and fix it.
* Say they didnt have head strength/control –> well now thats where we step in and fix this

Question 45

Which theory states that movement development is self-organizing and emergent as a result of an interaction of subsystems

Answer 45

Dynamical systems

Essentially saying everything needs to develop right to do the task

Question 46

Which theory states that developmental change is seen not as a series of stages, but as a series of states of stability, instability, and phase shifts in which new states become stable aspects of behavior
* So development isnt linear, it goes up and down

Answer 46

Dynamical system theory

Question 47

KNOW: As pediactric therapists using the dynamical systems theory we would first search for constrains in subsystems that limit motor behavior (rate limitors)

Next we would create an environment that supports or compensates for weaker or less mature (rate-limiting) components of the system to promote activity and participation

Attention to setting up therapeutic environment that affords opportunities to practice tasks in meanful and functional manner

Use of activities that prmote exploration of different movement patterns

Search for control parameters that can be manipulated to facilitate the attainment of goals (speed, force, etc)

KNOW: Every kid when learning motor milestones try 1000s of different ways until the find the best way to do it.

Question 48

Which theory believes that development is not just the result of genetics or the environment, but rather the interweaving of events at a given moment (weaving everything together)

Answer 48

Dynamic Systems Theory

Question 49

KNOW: Dynamic Systems Theory believes that development is:
1) Complex
2) Non-Linear: Theres no time where development really stops
3) Emergying

Question 50

Question 51

Rate promoting =

Rate limiting =

Answer 51

= Whats helping them

= Whats not helping

Question 52

NOTE: Spin things positive - kids do great w/ positive feed back

Question 53

NOTE: She said that we should be looking at the full picture when considering development
* Look at rate limiting factor / root cause
* Also look for the good as well and frame it positive
* Look for what they can do “look how great you’re doing”