Lecture 2 - Prenatal Development Flashcards by Tyler Winn

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Time period between conception and birth

Gestation

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How is gestational age calculated?

First day of mothers last menstrual cycle to current date
* NOTE: You’re not actually pregnant at the start of this (you get a couple extra weeks until ovulation where you get pregnant)

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How is pregnancy calculated?

From when the egg and sperm meet

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Which week of gestation is the egg released from the ovary?

Week 2 (only thing listed for week 2)

This is ovulation

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Which week of gestation do sperm and egg meet in fallopian tube?

What is made when the egg and sperm meet

Week 3

NOTE: This is where the zygoat make

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A Zygote has how many chromosomes?

46 (23 from mom, 23 from dad)

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What is a blastocyst?
* What do the inner cells turn into
* What do the outer cells turn into?

Inner group of cells with an outer shell

Inner cells (embryoblasts) = embryo
Outer cells (trophoblasts) = placenta
* T for top

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Is Mendelian genetics in the human body?

Somewhat common, but lots of things arent mendelian that we thought were
* things like eyes and hair are not on one gene
* This just means its on 1 gene

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Dominant/Recessive genes are mendelian or polygenetic?

Mendelian

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What are polygenic traits?

Controlled by two or more genes at different locations on different chromosomes

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What are epigenetic expressions

External modifications to DNA that turn genes on/off
*However, it does not change the DNA sequence

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Monozygotic twins are

identical

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Dizygotic twins are

faternal

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Blastocyte reaches uterus (embryoblasts) and implants on the uterine wall at which week?

Week 4

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What is human chorionic gonadotropin production started and what is it used for?

Starts at week 4
Used to test for pregnany (what pregnancy tests pick up)

Remember, this is around the time that the woman is getting her period. If the woman wants to test 5 or 6 days before the start of the period its still going to be a negative test because the production of this hormone has not begun yet
* this hormone only starts after the blastocyte implants on the uterine wall (which is also week 4)

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At which week do the ovaries stop releasing eggs and produce more estrogen and progresterone?

Week 5 (think after the period should’ve came)
* The body doesnt want to have multiple pregnancys at once

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Is a negative pregnancy test 2 days before the period worth anything?

No, production of human chorionic gonadotropin has not begun, meaning the preganncy test won’t pick it up until production strats (week 4)

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At which week do cells start dividing and taking on specific functions?

Week 5

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At which week does the brain, spinal cord, and heart begin to develop? (along w/ GI tract)

week 5 (makese sense, cells start to take on functions here)

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Which layer is the ectoderm and what 4 things does it have

Top layer

1) NS
2) Epidermis of skin
3) Epithelial lining of rectum
4) Oral cavity

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Which layer is the mesoderm and what are the 6 things that it encompases

Middle layer

1) Musculoskeletal system
2) Dermis of skin
3) Cardiovascular system
4) Urinary system
5) Reproductive system
6) Outer layers of respiratory and digestive system

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Which layer is the endoderm and what are its 2 things

Inner layer

1) Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tract and associated glands
2) Epithelial lining of urnary bladder

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TEST which week does the neural tube close?

Week 6

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What does the neural tube turn into?

Brain and spinal cord

**What happens if the neural tube doesnt close?**

Spinabifida / anacephalies

What decreases the chance of the baby having spinabifida?

folic acid (been putting in ceral, however, less people are eating this due to keta/other diets)

Which week does the heart begin to have electrical impulses?

eyelids close at what week? and at what week do they repoen?

Close = 9-14 reopen = 24-28 This really helps to date the baby (espeically if the periods werent being tract)

when does lanugo develop on head?

15-18

When does the baby start to make sucking motions?

15-18

When would the mother start to feel quickening

19-21 quickening = knows somethings in there, but not a kick the baby is much more active in this time period

At which weeks does spinal cord myelination begin?

weeks 19-21 important because impulses can now pass quickly from one side of the baby to the other

When is meconium made?

week 22 Note, we dont want them to actually go to the bathroom until they're outside the mom

When is the babys first heartbeat?

week 22

At what weeks does bone marrow begin to make blood cells

week 23-25

When is the age of viability?

Week 23-25

KNOW: 21 weeks or less = no chance of survival

KNOW: you want to be week 34 or higher

**TEST** When can antenatal steriods be utilized and what do they do?

decrease risk for death by increasing the production of sarfactan (making it easier to breath) Between 25-33 weeks * Not done after 33 weeks because typically the baby has enough sarfactan on its own to survive at this point

**At what week do alveoli start to form in the lungs?**

week 26 NOTE: Lungs are not ready to work outside of the body at this point

At what week does sarfactant production begin?

week 27-28 alveoli develop gas exchange weak, but possible

What is scarf sign?

Pulling babies arm across body and them pulling it back

can babies suck swallow and breath at week 27-28?

What is the rooting reflex?

when you stimulate on the side of the mouth, the baby will put bottle into mouth

KNOW: Late term babies get all crunched up. pre term babies do not, so their popliteal angle = 180 degrees if born early (because theres no need for them to scrunch up)

At what stage do babies require treatment for retinopathy?

At stage 2 some need treatment, at stage 3 were more worried but when they're older they might have problems

At what stage premature retinopathy does the retina partially detach, causing vision problems?

stage 4

At what stage is the retina completely detached in retinopathy?

stage 5 these babies will be blind. However, they can do a retina transplant

Why would reflex testing a week 29 baby be stressful for the baby

because they're still extremely hypotonic at this point

**at what week is the baby starting to have resistance to passive movements and heel to ear?**

week 30 they lose lots of that hypotonicity

**at what week does physiological flexion occur**

week 30 this is the baby being crunched up in the uterus

At what weeks does the baby start gaining fat?

31-34

At what weeks are the bone fully developed and the body starts storing iron, calcium, and phosphorus?

week 31-34

KNOW: babies have 30 more degrees of ankle flexion than normal people

**At which week is the production of surfactant enough that the baby doesnt need breathing support**?

week 34

At which weeks can the baby root and latch?

week 34 (can such swallow, breath, now)

at which week can the baby begin feeding by mouth?

week 34 (because they can suck and swallow now)

How much does a baby weigh at 35-37 weeks (probs don't memorize)

5.5 pounds

KNOW: At week 34 some are able to breath w/o support at week 35 almost all can breathe w/o external support

At which weeks are all reflexes elicited and symmetrical?

36-37

When does brain myelination begin?

week 36-37 this is why many of those reflexes prior to this are jerky and slow * myelin speeds everything up

KNOW: We really want all reflexes to be symmetrical

what is considered full term

week 40

**when should a baby be able to rotate head side to side in prone?**

week 40 should be able to rotate head if they were face down * super important because were worreid about babies that cant do this

**How to calculate actual age (how old they are outside the womb)**

chronological age - (40 weeks - gestational age in weeks) EX: 10 weeks - (40 weeks - 36) * adjusted age = 6 weeks * so this would be if they were born 4 weeks early (hints 36 weeks) --> this is showing what their actual age is * so they were born at -4 weeks we caculate for corrected age up to 2 or 3 years old because mile stone times would be missed up NOTE: If they're born over 36 weeks we don't worry about correcting for this