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Peds > Lecture 2 - Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Time period between conception and birth

A

Gestation

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3
Q

How is gestational age calculated?

A

First day of mothers last menstrual cycle to current date
* NOTE: You’re not actually pregnant at the start of this (you get a couple extra weeks until ovulation where you get pregnant)

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4
Q

How is pregnancy calculated?

A

From when the egg and sperm meet

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5
Q

Which week of gestation is the egg released from the ovary?

A

Week 2 (only thing listed for week 2)

This is ovulation

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6
Q

Which week of gestation do sperm and egg meet in fallopian tube?

What is made when the egg and sperm meet

A

Week 3

NOTE: This is where the zygoat make

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7
Q

A Zygote has how many chromosomes?

A

46 (23 from mom, 23 from dad)

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8
Q

What is a blastocyst?
* What do the inner cells turn into
* What do the outer cells turn into?

A

Inner group of cells with an outer shell

Inner cells (embryoblasts) = embryo
Outer cells (trophoblasts) = placenta
* T for top

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9
Q

Is Mendelian genetics in the human body?

A

Somewhat common, but lots of things arent mendelian that we thought were
* things like eyes and hair are not on one gene
* This just means its on 1 gene

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10
Q

Dominant/Recessive genes are mendelian or polygenetic?

A

Mendelian

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11
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Controlled by two or more genes at different locations on different chromosomes

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12
Q

What are epigenetic expressions

A

External modifications to DNA that turn genes on/off
*However, it does not change the DNA sequence

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13
Q

Monozygotic twins are

A

identical

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14
Q

Dizygotic twins are

A

faternal

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15
Q

Blastocyte reaches uterus (embryoblasts) and implants on the uterine wall at which week?

A

Week 4

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16
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin production started and what is it used for?

A

Starts at week 4
Used to test for pregnany (what pregnancy tests pick up)

Remember, this is around the time that the woman is getting her period. If the woman wants to test 5 or 6 days before the start of the period its still going to be a negative test because the production of this hormone has not begun yet
* this hormone only starts after the blastocyte implants on the uterine wall (which is also week 4)

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17
Q

At which week do the ovaries stop releasing eggs and produce more estrogen and progresterone?

A

Week 5 (think after the period should’ve came)
* The body doesnt want to have multiple pregnancys at once

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17
Q

Is a negative pregnancy test 2 days before the period worth anything?

A

No, production of human chorionic gonadotropin has not begun, meaning the preganncy test won’t pick it up until production strats (week 4)

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18
Q

At which week do cells start dividing and taking on specific functions?

A

Week 5

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19
Q

At which week does the brain, spinal cord, and heart begin to develop? (along w/ GI tract)

A

week 5 (makese sense, cells start to take on functions here)

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20
Q

Which layer is the ectoderm and what 4 things does it have

A

Top layer

1) NS
2) Epidermis of skin
3) Epithelial lining of rectum
4) Oral cavity

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21
Q

Which layer is the mesoderm and what are the 6 things that it encompases

A

Middle layer

1) Musculoskeletal system
2) Dermis of skin
3) Cardiovascular system
4) Urinary system
5) Reproductive system
6) Outer layers of respiratory and digestive system

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22
Q

Which layer is the endoderm and what are its 2 things

A

Inner layer

1) Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tract and associated glands
2) Epithelial lining of urnary bladder

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23
Q

TEST which week does the neural tube close?

A

Week 6

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24
Q

What does the neural tube turn into?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

What happens if the neural tube doesnt close?

A

Spinabifida / anacephalies

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26
Q

What decreases the chance of the baby having spinabifida?

A

folic acid (been putting in ceral, however, less people are eating this due to keta/other diets)

27
Q

Which week does the heart begin to have electrical impulses?

A

6

28
Q

eyelids close at what week? and at what week do they repoen?

A

Close = 9-14
reopen = 24-28

This really helps to date the baby (espeically if the periods werent being tract)

29
Q

when does lanugo develop on head?

A

15-18

30
Q

When does the baby start to make sucking motions?

A

15-18

31
Q

When would the mother start to feel quickening

A

19-21

quickening = knows somethings in there, but not a kick

the baby is much more active in this time period

32
Q

At which weeks does spinal cord myelination begin?

A

weeks 19-21

important because impulses can now pass quickly from one side of the baby to the other

33
Q

When is meconium made?

A

week 22

Note, we dont want them to actually go to the bathroom until they’re outside the mom

34
Q

When is the babys first heartbeat?

A

week 22

35
Q

At what weeks does bone marrow begin to make blood cells

A

week 23-25

36
Q

When is the age of viability?

A

Week 23-25

37
Q

KNOW: 21 weeks or less = no chance of survival

A
38
Q

KNOW: you want to be week 34 or higher

A
39
Q

TEST When can antenatal steriods be utilized and what do they do?

A

decrease risk for death by increasing the production of sarfactan (making it easier to breath)

Between 25-33 weeks
* Not done after 33 weeks because typically the baby has enough sarfactan on its own to survive at this point

40
Q

At what week do alveoli start to form in the lungs?

A

week 26

NOTE: Lungs are not ready to work outside of the body at this point

41
Q

At what week does sarfactant production begin?

A

week 27-28

alveoli develop gas exchange weak, but possible

42
Q

What is scarf sign?

A

Pulling babies arm across body and them pulling it back

43
Q

can babies suck swallow and breath at week 27-28?

A

No

44
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

when you stimulate on the side of the mouth, the baby will put bottle into mouth

45
Q

KNOW: Late term babies get all crunched up. pre term babies do not, so their popliteal angle = 180 degrees if born early (because theres no need for them to scrunch up)

A
46
Q

At what stage do babies require treatment for retinopathy?

A

At stage 2 some need treatment, at stage 3 were more worried but when they’re older they might have problems

47
Q

At what stage premature retinopathy does the retina partially detach, causing vision problems?

A

stage 4

48
Q

At what stage is the retina completely detached in retinopathy?

A

stage 5

these babies will be blind. However, they can do a retina transplant

49
Q

Why would reflex testing a week 29 baby be stressful for the baby

A

because they’re still extremely hypotonic at this point

50
Q

at what week is the baby starting to have resistance to passive movements and heel to ear?

A

week 30 they lose lots of that hypotonicity

51
Q

at what week does physiological flexion occur

A

week 30

this is the baby being crunched up in the uterus

52
Q

At what weeks does the baby start gaining fat?

A

31-34

53
Q

At what weeks are the bone fully developed and the body starts storing iron, calcium, and phosphorus?

A

week 31-34

54
Q

KNOW: babies have 30 more degrees of ankle flexion than normal people

A
55
Q

At which week is the production of surfactant enough that the baby doesnt need breathing support?

A

week 34

56
Q

At which weeks can the baby root and latch?

A

week 34 (can such swallow, breath, now)

57
Q

at which week can the baby begin feeding by mouth?

A

week 34 (because they can suck and swallow now)

58
Q

How much does a baby weigh at 35-37 weeks (probs don’t memorize)

A

5.5 pounds

59
Q

KNOW: At week 34 some are able to breath w/o support at week 35 almost all can breathe w/o external support

A
60
Q

At which weeks are all reflexes elicited and symmetrical?

A

36-37

61
Q

When does brain myelination begin?

A

week 36-37

this is why many of those reflexes prior to this are jerky and slow
* myelin speeds everything up

62
Q

KNOW: We really want all reflexes to be symmetrical

A
63
Q

what is considered full term

A

week 40

64
Q

when should a baby be able to rotate head side to side in prone?

A

week 40

should be able to rotate head if they were face down
* super important because were worreid about babies that cant do this

65
Q

How to calculate actual age (how old they are outside the womb)

A

chronological age - (40 weeks - gestational age in weeks)

EX: 10 weeks - (40 weeks - 36)
* adjusted age = 6 weeks
* so this would be if they were born 4 weeks early (hints 36 weeks) –> this is showing what their actual age is
* so they were born at -4 weeks

we caculate for corrected age up to 2 or 3 years old because mile stone times would be missed up

NOTE: If they’re born over 36 weeks we don’t worry about correcting for this

Peds (13 decks)

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