The Urinary System Flashcards
Urinary system (4)
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Functions of the urinary system (4)
It gets rid of the waste products that are created when food is transformed into energy
It maintains the correct balance of water and electrolytes (salts) within the body’s cells
It produces hormones called erythropoietin and renin, which are important in maintaining healthy blood pressure, producing blood cells, and absorbing salt correctly
It processes vitamin D.
Reddish, brown, paired, bean-shaped, compound tubular glands that secrete urine
Averages 6-9cm in length, 4-5cm in width, 3-4cm in thickness; 25-35gms weight
Kidney
Both kidneys are __________, located
in the ________ region
retroperitoneal
sublumbar
In some lean animals, it is possible to examine kidneys by _____ ________ __________
deep abdominal palpation
◦ The kidneys (esp the left one) are less firmly attached in ___ than in ___.
cat
dog
Which kidney is more cranial
R kidney
• Each kidney lobe consists of a _________ ______ and its associated cortex.
Medullary pyramid
• A _____ ______ is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those _______ that are served by a common collecting duct.
Renal lobule
Nephrons
covers the surface of the kidney (very strong)
Capsula fibrosa
an oval opening at the medial border that transmits the ureter, renal a&v, lymph vessels and nerves
Renal hilus
open space in the kidney
Renal sinus
funnel-shaped sac-like structures, connected to the ureter, that collects urine from the collecting ducts of the kidney
Renal pelvis
part of the medulla that projects into the renal pelvis
Renal crest
inner parenchyma of the kidney; appears striated and lighter in color than the cortex
Medulla
outer parenchyma of the kidney; appears granulated because of renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules
Cortex
basic unit of urine production
composed of glomerulus + bowman’s capsule, collectively called renal or malpighian corpuscle
Nephron
after twisting and coiling of convoluted tubule, it will pass through a narrow pathway called ____ __ _____
then the urine will go to the collecting ducts
And pathway continues…
Loop of Henle
Urine pathway
glomerulus (renal corpuscle) –> proximal convoluted tubule –> descending loop of Henle –> loop of Henle –> ascending loop of Henle –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct –> papillary duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra –> out of the body
Kidney is highly _______
vascular
Nerve supply of kidney:
vagus nerve or CN X
*Vessels and Nerves
Aorta –> renal a. –> segmented a. –> interlobar a. –> arcuate a. –> interlobular a. –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus (renal corpuscle) –> efferent arteriole –> venule – > interlobular v. –> arcuate v. –> interlobar v. –> renal v. –>caudal vena cava
*Anomaly of the kidneys
_________ ______are more common in dogs (an autosomal dominant inherited disease in bull terriers) than in cats and pigs
Polycystic kidneys
*Anomaly
(very small kidney)
Hypoplasia
*Anomaly
( failure of one kidney to develop)
Aplasia
*Anomaly
(bilateral rudimentary development)
Hypogenesia
*Anomaly
associated with hypertension in the first decade of life
unilateral hypoplasia
Fibromuscular, slightly flattened tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Length depends on the size of the animal
Begins in the renal pelvis & run into bladder
Ureter
_____ ureter is slightly longer than the Left due to more cranial position of the R kidneys
Right
Ureter is Longer in _____ than in
_______
males
females
*Ureter
Blood supply: (2)
renal a.
urogenital a.
Duplication of ureters
Dilatation of renal pelvis due to obstruction of ureters (calculi, tumors, etc)
Anomalies of the ureter
Hollow, musculomembranous organ that stores urine
May hold 100-120 ml of urine for dogs weighing 11- 13kgs
Divided into neck and body
Urinary Bladder
*Urinary Bladder
◦ Neck has a triangular area called _____ ______ – meaning it has no mucosal folds
vesical trigone
*Urinary Bladder
Blood supply: (2)
cranial vesical artery (br. of umbilical a.)
caudal vesical artery (br. of urogenital a.)
*Urinary Bladder
Nerve supply: (3)
pudendal n.
hypogastric n.
pelvic n.
Lymphatics of the bladder drain into the ______ _____ and ______ ____ ____
internal iliac
lumbar lymph nodes
Strictures of the neck of the bladder
Enlarged prostate may be the indirect cause of dilatation of the bladder
Anomalies of the urinary bladder
◦ It is the most common prostatic disorder and is found in most intact male dogs >6 yr old
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Canal that conveys urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
Longer in males (10-35cm) than in females (7-10cm)
Urethra
*Blood supply of the kidney
Blood vessels enter / leave the kidney at the hilus. The _____ ______ branches into _________ ________ within the renal sinus.
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
*Blood supply of the kidneys, cont.
These segmental arteries give rise to __________ ________, which run in the renal columns between the renal pyramids. At the junction of the medulla and cortex, the interlobar arteries branch at right angles, forming _______ ________ that run between the cortex and medulla. Coming off of the arcuate arteries at a right angle are ___________ ________, which run in the cortex. All these arteries have accompanying veins.
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
