The Skeletal System

Question 1

1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic material

Average total number: 319 bones

Answer 1

Bones

Question 2

this does not include the bones of the __ __ since many dogs do not have this

Answer 2

dew claw

Question 3

3 Major Groups of the Skel. Syst.

Answer 3

• Axial
  ▫ Skull, vertebral column, ribs & sternum
• Appendicular
  ▫ Thoracic & pelvic limbs
• Visceral
  ▫ Baculum = os penis (dogs)

Question 4

Hard, tough connective tissue with living cells arranged in rings

Answer 4

Bone

Question 5

Living cells, ____, for growth & repair

Answer 5

Osteocytes

Question 6

Matrix secreted made mostly of minerals, _____, for rigid structure in bone

Answer 6

Calcium
Phosphate

Question 7

Bone Contains protein, ___, that gives strength and flexibility= less brittle and prone to breakage in bones

Answer 7

Collagen

Question 8

Importance: For body structure, protection of organs and produces blood cells

Answer 8

Bone

Question 9

Flexible connective tissue with living cells arranged in pairs/bundles.

Answer 9

Cartilage

Question 10

*cartilage
Matrix contains more ___ and less ___ than bone
- Softer and more elastic than bone

Answer 10

Collagen
Minerals

Question 11

*cartilage
Found at the ends of bones, in the __ __ ___.
- Importance: Prevents friction and withstands shock.

Answer 11

Nose, ears and trachea

Question 12

Thick strand attaching muscle to a bone.

Answer 12

Tendons

Question 13

Tendons are Made of strong _____
- Tough and does not stretch
- Capable of withstanding tension
- Importance: Enables movement of bones

Answer 13

Fibrous collagen

Question 14

A flexible band attaching a bone to another bone.

Answer 14

Ligaments

Question 15

Ligaments are Made of tough _____
- Elastic, can stretch and “snap-back”
- Importance: Keeps bones stable and prevents dislocation

Answer 15

elastin fibres

Question 16

Functions of Bone (4)

Answer 16

• Supports and protects soft organs of the body
• Acts as levers for muscular action
• Stores calcium and phosphorus
• Encloses the blood forming elements (RBC, WBC, Hb, platelets) and in the adult, the bone also stores fat.

Question 17

Classification of bones acc. to shape (6)

Answer 17

long bones
short bones
irregular bones
flat bones
sesamoid bones
sutural bones

Question 18

▫ Found mainly in the limbs/extremities
▫ Has a body/shaft called diaphysis and two ends called the epiphyses
▫ this form levers and possess great tensile strength

Answer 18

Long bones (ossa longa)

Question 19

▫ End of long bones are covered by ______ as they enter the formation of joints

Answer 19

hyaline cartilage

Question 20

Enlargement of each extremity of a long bone serves a dual purpose:

Answer 20

 Decreases the risk of dislocation
 Provides a large bearing surface for articulation

Question 21

▫ Carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle) – contains 7 bones
▫ Associated with the spread of pressure exerted in these regions

Answer 21

Short bones (ossa brevis)

Question 22

▫ To alter the course of tendons at the places where greatest friction is developed.

Answer 22

Sesamoid bones (ossa sesamoidea)

Question 23

▫ Found in the thoracic and pelvic girdles and in the head and thorax
▫ For PROTECTION
▫ Weigh less

Answer 23

Flat bones (ossa plana)

Question 24

Cranium = outer and inner tables of compact bones and an intermediate uniting spongy bone called __

Answer 24

diploe

Question 25

bones which contain air cavities

Answer 25

Pneumatic bones (ossa pneumatica)

Question 26

* Vertebral column, bones of the skull that are not flat, 3 parts of the hip bone (os coxae) * Jutting processes are the characteristic features * For muscular and ligamentous attachment; some for articulation

Answer 26

Irregular bones (ossa iregulata)

Question 27

▫ bones arising from cartilages

Answer 27

Endochondral/replacement/cartilage bones

Question 28

▫ bones that develop from connective tissue sheets or membranes (roof of the cranium) ▫ Ex. skull, jaws, gill covers, and the shell (of tortoises and turtles).

Answer 28

Membrane/dermal bones

Question 29

▫ The spongy bone of the skull is known as diploe.

Answer 29

Cancellous or spongy bone (substancia spongiosa)

Question 30

Compact bone (other term)

Answer 30

(substancia compacta/corticalis)

Question 31

* Diaphysis and epiphyses are seperated by this cartilage (in young, ______)

Answer 31

epiphyseal plate

Question 32

(marrow cavity) is a space occupying the hollow portion of the bone surrounded by the cortex of the long bone.

Answer 32

Medullary cavity

Question 33

Bone marrow color;

Answer 33

* Young – red marrow * Adult – red and yellow marrow (fat)

Question 34

compact bone surrounding the shaft of the long bone

Answer 34

Cortex

Question 35

*bone covering layers layer of specialized connective tissue covering the nonarticular surface of the bone

Answer 35

Periosteum

Question 36

*bone covering layers connective tissue covering the cartilage of articular surface

Answer 36

Perichondrium

Question 37

*bone covering layers thin fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity and osteonal (Haversian) canals of a bone

Answer 37

Endosteum

Question 38

*bone covering layers ▫ Name given to the covering of the bones which participate in forming boundaries of the respiratory or digestive system. ▫ Lines all of the paranasal sinuses and contains mucous cells

Answer 38

Mucoperiosteum

Question 39

* Nutrient artery and vein (nutrient foramen) * Anastomosing vessel of the epiphyseal plate and the periosteum

Answer 39

Vessels

Question 40

Sensory nerves

Answer 40

Nerves

Question 41

Types of bones in the skull (2) according to shape

Answer 41

Flat bones Irregular bones

Question 42

*type of bone in the skull comprise most of the bones of the skull and are formed in membrane such as the dorsum of the skull or calvaria.

Answer 42

Flat bones

Question 43

*type of bone in the skull like the bones of the ventral part of the cranium are preformed in cartilage

Answer 43

Irregular bones

Question 44

Two forms of bones are recognized based on structure: (2)

Answer 44

Cancellous or spongy bone Compact bone

Question 45

is numerous in the extremities of long bones and forms the internal substance of short and irregular bones

Answer 45

Cancellous bone

Question 46

appears as a solid mass. It is thicker in the shaft of long bones than in their extremity

Answer 46

Compact bone

Question 47

is located at the caudal part of the cranium in which it forms the caudal wall and part of the ventral wall or base of the skull.

Answer 47

occipital bone

Question 48

a large oval opening in the posteroventral portion of the skull thru which the spinal cord and its associated structures pass.

Answer 48

foramen magnum

Question 49

Bone is highly vascular as compared to _______ which is devoid of blood supply.

Answer 49

Cartilage