Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards by Belle Unknown

name implies that visceral innervation operates involuntarily on its own (in contrast to the voluntary control characteristic of somatic innervation of skeletal muscle)

Autonomic

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means self-rule/self-govern; from the Greek: auto = ____; nomos = ____

self

rule

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also known as chemical messengers, are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another “target” neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.

Neurotransmitters

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a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system

Ganglion

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branching network of intersecting nerves

Plexus

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a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

Neuron

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The _______ ____ and ______ _____ are located within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column. Dorsal and ventral spinal roots unite to form a spinal nerve (bilaterally).

spinal cord

spinal roots

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is enveloped by connective tissue (epineurium, perineurium, & endoneurium)

Spinal Nerve

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composed of afferent (sensory) axons; the site of a spinal ganglion

dorsal root

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composed of efferent axons that innervate muscle & gland

ventral root

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Divides into four primary branches:

Ømeningeal branch
Øramus communicans
Øventral branch
Ødorsal branch

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*four primary branches:

small; sensory to meninges

Ømeningeal branch

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*four primary branches:

connects to sympathetic trunk & innervates viscera

Øramus communicans

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*four primary branches:

largest branch; hypaxial mm. & lateral and ventral cutaneous nn.

Øventral branch

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*four primary branches:

medial and lateral branches; epaxial mm and dorsal cutaneous nn.

dorsal branch

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*Fiber types

axons associated with receptors and unipolar cell bodies in spinal ganglia

Afferent (sensory)

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*Fiber types, Afferent (sensory)

receptors in skin & muscles, tendons, joints

General Somatic Afferent (GSA):

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*Fiber types, Afferent (sensory)

receptors in viscera

General Visceral Afferent (GVA):

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*Fiber types

axons that innervate muscle & gland; cell bodies are located in the spinal cord (or in some cases autonomic ganglia)

Efferent (motor)

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*Fiber types, Efferent (motor)

innervates skeletal muscle

Somatic Efferent (SE):

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*Fiber types, Efferent (motor)

innervates cardiac m., smooth m., & gland

Visceral Efferent (VE):

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Also known as the GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (GVE)
Portion of the nervous system concerned with the motor innervations of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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GVE Pathaway involves two neurons

preganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

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*GVE Pathaway two neurons

cell body located in CNS; axon synapses in an autonomic ganglia

preganglionic neuron

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*GVE Pathaway two neurons cell body in an autonomic ganglion; axon \ innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland; Ordinarily occur in clusters referred to as ganglion.

postganglionic neuron

Autonomic Nervous System of PNS (?)

involuntary

Somatic Nervous System of PNS (?)

voluntary

* pathways that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands involve two neurons and a synapse within an autonomic ganglion.

Two-neuron pathways

*Classification of Autonomic Ganglia Are more or less segmentally distributed along the paired sympathetic chains which in turn lie along the ventral sides of the heads of the ribs

Vertebral ganglia

Classification of Autonomic Ganglia Are found more peripherally and in the abdominal cavity are related to some of the larger arteries such as the celiac.

Collateral ganglia

*Classification of Autonomic Ganglia Are usually small and located in various body organs.

Terminal ganglia

3 Classification of Autonomic Ganglia

Vertebral ganglia Collateral ganglia Terminal ganglia

*ANS Divisions: Sympathetic Innervtion Distribution: ? Preganglionic Origin: ? Postganglionic Neuron: ? Target Neurotransmitter: ? Functional Role: ?

whole body thoracolumbar spinal cord usually adrenergic norepinephrine "fight or flight"

ANS Divisions: Parasympathetic Innervtion Distribution: ? Preganglionic Origin: ? Postganglionic Neuron: ? Target Neurotransmitter: ? Functional Role: ?

body cavities & head brainstem & sacral spinal cord always cholinergic acetylcholine routine operations

Sympathetic Divisions (7)

* Overview * Head * Neck * Body Wall * Thorax * Abdomen * Pelvis

Overview: Sympathetic Division * originates from _____________ ________ of the spinal cord (approximately T-1 to L-4, bilaterally)

thoracolumbar segments

* For all regions of the body, the initial pathway for sympathetic preganglionic axons is identical: (4)

ventral root spinal nerve ramus communicans sympathetic trunk.

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Head Origin:

most cranial thoracic segments (T1-T3)

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Head Preganglionic Pathway:

ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk, ansa subclavia, cervical sympathetic trunk

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Head Ganglion:

cranial cervical ganglion

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Head Postganglionic Pathway:

internal and external carotid nerve plexuses, continuing plexuses named for particular vessels.

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Head Target organs

pupillary dilator muscle; nasal glands; salivary glands; sweat glands; blood vessel smooth muscle

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Neck Origin:

cranial thoracic segments (T3-T5)

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Neck Preganglionic Pathway:

ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk,

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Neck Ganglion:

cervicothoracic ganglion

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Neck Postganglionic Pathway:

vertebral nerve rami communicantes to cervical spinal nerves dorsal or ventral primary branches

*Sympathetic Pathway to the Neck Target Organs:

arrector pili smooth muscle (piloerection); sweat glands; blood vessel smooth muscle

*Sympathetic Path to Trunk Wall & Limbs Origin:

thoraco-lumbar segments (T1-L4)

*Sympathetic Path to Trunk Wall & Limbs Preganglionic Pathway:

ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk,

*Sympathetic Path to Trunk Wall & Limbs Ganglion:

sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia

*Sympathetic Path to Trunk Wall & Limbs Postganglionic Pathway:

rami communicantes to spinal nerves, dorsal or ventral primary branches of spinal nerves

*Sympathetic Path to Trunk Wall & Limbs Target Organs:

arrector pili smooth muscle (piloerection); sweat glands; blood vessel smooth muscle

*Sympathetic Path to Thoracic Viscera Origin:

mid-thoracic segments (T5-T8)

*Sympathetic Path to Thoracic Viscera Preganglionic Pathway:

ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk, [ansa subclavia]

*Sympathetic Path to Thoracic Viscera Ganglion:

cervicothoracic ganglion & [middle cervical ganglion]

*Sympathetic Path to Thoracic Viscera Postganglionic Pathway:

branches from the ansa subclavia, [branches that run with the vagus nerve]

*Sympathetic Path to Thoracic Viscera Target Organs:

heart; bronchiole smooth muscle; blood vessel smooth muscle

*Sympathetic Path to Abdominal Viscera Origin:

thoracic & lumbar segments (T7-L2)

*Sympathetic Path to Abdominal Viscera Preganglionic Pathway:

ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, symp. trunk, major & minor splanchnic nerves, also, lumbar splanchnic nerves

*Sympathetic Path to Abdominal Viscera Ganglion:

prevertebral ganglia within plexuses: celiac, cranial & caudal mesenteric, gonadal, renal; also, adrenal medulla

*Sympathetic Path to Abdominal Viscera Postganglionic Pathway:

nerve plexuses on abdominal vessels (e.g., splenic, middle colic, renal, etc.)

*Sympathetic Path to Abdominal Viscera Target Organs:

alimentary smooth m. & glands; liver; pancreas; blood vessel smooth muscle

*Sympathetic Path to Pelvic Viscera Origin:

lumbar segments (L1 - L3)

*Sympathetic Path to Pelvic Viscera Preganglionic Pathway:

ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic trunk, lumbar splanchnic nerves, caudal mesenteric nerve plexus

*Sympathetic Path to Pelvic Viscera Ganglion:

caudal mesenteric ganglion (also, some synapse in pelvic ganglia)

*Sympathetic Path to Pelvic Viscera Postganglionic Pathway:

left/right hypogastic nerve to pelvic plexus, pelvic plexus branches to pelvic viscera

*Sympathetic Path to Pelvic Viscera Target Organs:

pelvic viscera smooth muscle & glands: urinary, genital, rectum & anal canal; blood vessel smooth muscle

Overview: Parasympathetic Division (3)

* Sacral parasympathetic * Vagal parasympathetic * Brainstem parasympathetic

* Unlike the ANS, it does not arise from the brain stem or spinal cord * Like the ANS, innervates smooth muscles and glands * Consist of millions of neurons embedded in the wall of the digestive tract.

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

what are the two Forms of Plexi

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach) Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s)

*Plexi Lies between layers of longitudinal and circular muscles of the alimentary canal

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

*Plexi Lies between submucosal layer of intestines, from the junction with the stomach to the anus.

Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s)

The enteric nervous system Controls the activity of the GIT in three ways:

* Controlling intestinal peristalsis * Modulating blood flow through gut * Regulating the release of secretions from the gastrointestinal tract.

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

(74 cards)