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V.ANAT 121 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

-no seasonal period of increased or decreased sexual activity.
-Rather, they can be stimulated at any time by nearby females that are in season (heat).

A

Male Reproductive System

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2
Q

*Canine Lower Urinary Tract

which expels urine, is the smooth muscle coat of the bladder apex and body;

A

detrusor muscle

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3
Q

*Canine Lower Urinary Tract

is the muscle coat of the bladder neck & cranial urethra;

A

smooth muscle sphincter (internal urethral sphincter)

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4
Q

*Canine Lower Urinary Tract

is the urethralis muscle which encircles the caudal urethra.

A

striated urethral sphincter (external urethral sphincter)

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5
Q
  • In males it contributes to erection, the contractions of orgasm and ejaculation. In females it contributes to clitoral erection and the contractions of orgasm, and closes the vagina.
  • This muscle serves to empty the canal of the urethra, after the bladder has expelled its contents; during the greater part of the act of micturition its fibers are relaxed, and it only comes into action at the end of the process.
A

bulbospongiosus muscle (bulbocavernosus in older texts)

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6
Q
  • It helps flex the anus, and (in males) stabilize the erect penis or (in females) tense the vagina during orgasm.
  • This muscle compresses the crus penis, and retards the return of the blood through the veins, and thus serves to maintain the organ erect.
A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

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7
Q

Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt- pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus.

A

Crura (crus of penis)

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8
Q
  • Membranous pouch divided by a median septum into 2 cavities
  • Located approximately two-thirds of the distance from the opening of the prepuce to the anus
  • Lies on the back portion of the abdomen between the hind legs
A

Scrotum

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9
Q

Sperm need temperatures between 2-10 degrees Centigrade _____ than the body temperature to develop.

A

lower

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10
Q

The ____ of the scrotum is covered with fine hairs.

A

skin

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11
Q

The ______ of the scrotum is a layer of tissue that lies just under the skin and is made up of muscle and other tissue.

A

dartos

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12
Q

Under the dartos is ________ ______ and a shiny tissue that lines the scrotum.

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

Blood supply of the scrotum (3)

A

external pudendal artery

cremasteric artery

scrotal arteries

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14
Q

Nerve supply of the scrotum

A

genital ramus (branch of the genitofemoral nerve and perineal nerve)

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15
Q

*Clinical Considerations

Scrotal and inguinal hernias
– Scrotal hernia is more common in ____

A

dogs

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16
Q

*Clinical Considerations

Wounds and injuries to scrotum
– Local treatment; ?

A

if testes are exposed, castration is done to relieve pressure irritation

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17
Q

*Clinical Considerations

Tumors of the scrotum are also treated by
__________

A

castration

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18
Q

*Clinical Considerations

Malformed, underdeveloped scrotum is the result of _____________ ______

A

undescended testes

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19
Q
  • Fresh organ weighs 7.8 to 8.2 gm.

*Epididymis is adherent to the dorsolateral surface of the organ with its tail located at the caudal extremity of the testis, and its head at the cranial end.

  • Produces SPERMATOZOA and
    TESTOSTERONE
A

Testes

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20
Q
  • Left testicle usually lies slightly ______ the right.
  • Each testicle is ____ in shape and thicker in the middle than from side to side
A

behind

oval

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21
Q

*Envelopes of the testis

– Continuation of the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

A

Visceral vaginal tunic

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22
Q

*Envelopes of the testis

– Dense white fibrous capsule connected to the mediastinum testis by septuli testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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23
Q

*Envelopes of the testis

main lobule that contains the testicular parenchyma and the seminiferous tubules –> rete testis

A

Lobuli testis

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24
Q

*Envelopes of the testis

cord of connective tissue situated lengthwise through the middle of the testis

A

mediastinum testis

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25
Q
  • contain seminiferous tubules that manufacture sperm.
A

Testes

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26
Q

*Testes

  • Special cells near the seminiferous tubules, called _______ _____, support and supply nutrition to the sperm cells.
A

Sertoli cells

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27
Q

Blood supply of Testes & Epididymis (2)

A

testicular artery

the artery of ductus deferens

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28
Q

Nerve supply of Testes

A

testicular nerve

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29
Q

*Anomaly of the testes

_____________ is the MOST important
congenital anomaly of the testis
– 1 or both testes are retained either in the
abdominal cavity or between the external
inguinal ring and the scrotum
– Of economic importance in horses and swine

A

Cryptorchidism

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30
Q

*Anomaly of the testes

bilateral absence of the testes

A

Anorchidism

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31
Q

*Anomaly of the testes

presence of only one testis

A

Monorchidism

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32
Q
  • Most heat sensitive region of the male reproductive tract
  • Site of maturation & storage organ for spermatozoa before ejaculation; has circular smooth muscles that aid in the transport of sperm to ductus deferens
A

Epididymis

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33
Q

*Epididymis

  • Divided into: (3)
A

Head/caput epididymis – largest part

Body/corpus epididymis – runs along the dorsolateral surface of the testis

Tail/cauda epididymis – continued to ductus deferens

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34
Q
  • Or deferent duct
  • It passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra.
A

Vas deferens

35
Q

*Vas deferens

Begins at the tail of the epididymis and runs along the border of the testicle, entering into the abdominal cavity through an area called the _________ _____

A

inguinal canal

36
Q

*Vas deferens

has several layers: (3)

A

the tunica adventitia

muscularis

mucosa

37
Q

Blood supply of the vas deferens

A

urogenital artery

38
Q

Spermatic cord consist of (5)

A

a. ductus deferens
b. testicular artery, vein and nerve
c. artery and vein of the deferent duct
d. mesoductus deferens
e. mesorchium

39
Q

*Spermatic cord

structure that attaches the vas deferens to the mesorchium

A

mesoductus deferens

40
Q

*Spermatic cord

fold of peritoneum or a part of the visceral vaginal tunic that covers that vessels and nerve

A

mesorchium

41
Q
  • migration of the testis from the abdominal cavity into the scrotal sac
A

Descent of the Testis

42
Q

*Descent of the Testis

  • expansion of the ______or ___________ part of the gubernaculums beyond the external inguinal opening toward the scrotal sac
  • _______ on the proximal or intra abdominal part of the gubernaculums pulling it distally into the inguinal canal
  • expansion of the proximal part of the gubernaculums thus _______ the testis toward the internal inguinal ring
  • rapid descent of the testis through the ________ ______ due to sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure
  • ___________ of the core of the gubernaculums resulting to formation of the proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis
A

caudal or extra-abdominal

traction

pulling

inguinal canal

regression

43
Q
  • The only accessory gland in dog
  • Encloses the neck of the bladder; prosthetic urethra and the vas deferens
  • Lies in the abdominal cavity until the animal is 2 months after which it is confined in the pelvic cavity
A

Prostate Gland

44
Q

*Functions of Prostate Gland

essential in providing an optimum environment for sperm ________ and ________

A

survival and motility.

45
Q

*Functions of Prostate Gland

_________ ______ are added to the sperm to nourish it which aid in its transport from the penis and through the uterus

A

additional fluids

46
Q

*Functions of Prostate Gland

It produces an ________ _________ that neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina.

A

alkaline secretion

47
Q

*Anomaly in the prostate gland

  • _________ __________ occurs frequently in old dogs; may be due to hormonal imbalance or dogs that are trained to retain urine for long periods of time
    – Surgical intervention
A

Prostatic hypertrophy

48
Q
  • the male copulatory organ
  • located within the prepuce
  • When it is not erect it is completely enclosed within the prepuce, which is attached to the lower outside abdominal wall.
A

Penis

49
Q

Penis is divided into: (3)

A

a. root (radix penis)
b. body (corpus penis)
c. distal portion (glans penis)

50
Q

distal portion (glans penis) – further divided into: (2)

A
  1. bulbus glandis
  2. pars longa glandis
51
Q

*Penis

the root and body which are continuous are composed of: (2)

A

corpora cavernosa penis

corpus spongiosum penis

52
Q

contains enlarged cavernous spaces

A

corpora cavernosa penis

53
Q

ventrally located and contains the penile urethra and the proximal end of the penis

A

corpus spongiosum penis

54
Q
  • the root of the penis is attached to the tuber ischii via its left and right attachments called ____, blending of this forms the body
A

crura

55
Q

the corpus spongiosum has a bilobed expansion called the _____ of the _____

A

bulb of the penis
(or urethral bulb)

56
Q

*Penis

thickest part and area of greatest potential expansion

A

bulbus glandis

57
Q
  • also called a “knot” * an erectile tissue structure on the penis of canid mammals.
  • responsible for copulatory lock together with the circular muscles of the vagina
  • occurs in some pinnipeds, including South American fur seals
A

Bulbus glandis

58
Q

Cross section of the root of the penis (7)

A

A. Crus of the penis
B. Tunica albuginea
C. Ischiocavernosus muscle
D. Urethra
E. Corpus spongiosum
F. Bulbospongiosus muscle
G. Retractor penis muscle

59
Q

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired)

primarily contains smooth muscle fibers

A

retractor penis muscles

60
Q

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired)

short, broad muscles covering the crura of the penis

A

ischiocavernous muscles

61
Q

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired)

cover the superficial of the bulb of the penis

A

bulbospongiosus muscles

62
Q

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired)

originates from the dorsal surface of the ischial tuberosity

A

ischiourethralis muscles

63
Q

Blood supply of the penis (2)

A

internal and external pudendal arteries

64
Q

External and internal ________ veins collect blood from the penis

A

pudendal

65
Q

Nerve supply of the penis (2)

A

pudendal and pelvic nerves

66
Q
  • the only visceral bone in the dog
  • it is long and tapered, the proximal end is broad and is located in the body of the penis caudal to the bulbus glandis
  • the distal end of the bone is small and in diameter and is continued by a curved cartilaginous projection
A

Os penis or Baculum

67
Q

Os penis or Baculum is divided into: (3)

A

a. apex
b. body
c. base

68
Q

*Os penis or Baculum

the tapered end wherein a cartilaginous tip is attached by a fibrous strand

A

apex

69
Q

*Os penis or Baculum

elongated part with the urethral groove located along the ventral surface of the base and body

A

body

70
Q

*Os penis or Baculum

short portion attached to the outer layer of the cavernous bodies

A

base

71
Q

*Mechanism of Penile Erection

filling with blood of cavernous spaces in erectile tissues with stimulation of pelvic nerves resulting to increase blood pressure to penis and inhibition of venous drainage; dilatation of arteries

A

Erection

72
Q

*Mechanism of Penile Erection

with contraction of ischiocavernous m., ischiourethralis m., and bulbospongiosus m. and venous occlusion

A

Intromission

73
Q

*Mechanism of Penile Erection

____________ then __________of muscles, decrease arterial pressure and venous drainage.

A

Ejaculation then Relaxation

74
Q

*Mechanism of Penile Erection

In the dog, delayed erection is due to ____ __________ of the bulbus glandis and the pars longa glandis.

A

slow engorgement

75
Q

*Mechanism of Penile Erection

coitus, 2 stages:

A
  • mounted
  • lock or tie – longer duration
76
Q

a hollow tube that carries sperm and urine which extends from the urinary bladder to the very tip of the penis

A

Urethra

77
Q

3 Parts of the urethra

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous portion of the urethra
  3. penile urethra
78
Q

*Part of the Urethra

passed thru the prostate gland

A

prostatic urethra

79
Q

*Part of the Urethra

part between the prostate and the bulb of the penis

A

membranous portion of the urethra

80
Q

*Part of the Urethra

portion from the bulb to the external opening

A

penile urethra

81
Q
  • attached to the ventral abdominal wall; its distal open end is free
  • contains the preputial muscle which is a part of the cutaneous trunci muscle extending from the area of the xiphoid cartilage to the dorsal wall of the prepuce; they are relaxed during erection
A

Prepuce

82
Q

prevents the free end of the prepuce from hanging loosely during non-erection and pulls the prepuce back over the glans penis after erection

A

Function of the preputial muscle:

83
Q

plexus of veins drains blood from the
testicles back to the heart.

A

Pampiniform plexus

84
Q

*Prepuce

a moist protective covering for the non-erect penis, and is capable of secreting ______, a thick, lubricating liquid

A

smegma

V.ANAT 121 (35 decks)

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