Male Reproductive System Flashcards by Belle Unknown

-no seasonal period of increased or decreased sexual activity.
-Rather, they can be stimulated at any time by nearby females that are in season (heat).

Male Reproductive System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Canine Lower Urinary Tract

which expels urine, is the smooth muscle coat of the bladder apex and body;

detrusor muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Canine Lower Urinary Tract

is the muscle coat of the bladder neck & cranial urethra;

smooth muscle sphincter (internal urethral sphincter)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Canine Lower Urinary Tract

is the urethralis muscle which encircles the caudal urethra.

striated urethral sphincter (external urethral sphincter)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In males it contributes to erection, the contractions of orgasm and ejaculation. In females it contributes to clitoral erection and the contractions of orgasm, and closes the vagina.
This muscle serves to empty the canal of the urethra, after the bladder has expelled its contents; during the greater part of the act of micturition its fibers are relaxed, and it only comes into action at the end of the process.

bulbospongiosus muscle (bulbocavernosus in older texts)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It helps flex the anus, and (in males) stabilize the erect penis or (in females) tense the vagina during orgasm.
This muscle compresses the crus penis, and retards the return of the blood through the veins, and thus serves to maintain the organ erect.

Ischiocavernosus muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt- pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus.

Crura (crus of penis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Membranous pouch divided by a median septum into 2 cavities
Located approximately two-thirds of the distance from the opening of the prepuce to the anus
Lies on the back portion of the abdomen between the hind legs

Scrotum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sperm need temperatures between 2-10 degrees Centigrade _____ than the body temperature to develop.

lower

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ____ of the scrotum is covered with fine hairs.

skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ______ of the scrotum is a layer of tissue that lies just under the skin and is made up of muscle and other tissue.

dartos

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Under the dartos is ________ ______ and a shiny tissue that lines the scrotum.

connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood supply of the scrotum (3)

external pudendal artery

cremasteric artery

scrotal arteries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nerve supply of the scrotum

genital ramus (branch of the genitofemoral nerve and perineal nerve)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Clinical Considerations

Scrotal and inguinal hernias
– Scrotal hernia is more common in ____

dogs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Clinical Considerations

Wounds and injuries to scrotum
– Local treatment; ?

if testes are exposed, castration is done to relieve pressure irritation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Clinical Considerations

Tumors of the scrotum are also treated by
__________

castration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Clinical Considerations

Malformed, underdeveloped scrotum is the result of _____________ ______

undescended testes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fresh organ weighs 7.8 to 8.2 gm.

*Epididymis is adherent to the dorsolateral surface of the organ with its tail located at the caudal extremity of the testis, and its head at the cranial end.

Produces SPERMATOZOA and
TESTOSTERONE

Testes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Left testicle usually lies slightly ______ the right.
Each testicle is ____ in shape and thicker in the middle than from side to side

behind

oval

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Envelopes of the testis

– Continuation of the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

Visceral vaginal tunic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Envelopes of the testis

– Dense white fibrous capsule connected to the mediastinum testis by septuli testis

Tunica albuginea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Envelopes of the testis

main lobule that contains the testicular parenchyma and the seminiferous tubules –> rete testis

Lobuli testis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Envelopes of the testis

cord of connective tissue situated lengthwise through the middle of the testis

mediastinum testis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

* contain seminiferous tubules that manufacture sperm.

Testes

*Testes * Special cells near the seminiferous tubules, called _______ _____, support and supply nutrition to the sperm cells.

Sertoli cells

Blood supply of Testes & Epididymis (2)

testicular artery the artery of ductus deferens

Nerve supply of Testes

testicular nerve

*Anomaly of the testes _____________ is the MOST important congenital anomaly of the testis – 1 or both testes are retained either in the abdominal cavity or between the external inguinal ring and the scrotum – Of economic importance in horses and swine

Cryptorchidism

*Anomaly of the testes bilateral absence of the testes

Anorchidism

*Anomaly of the testes presence of only one testis

Monorchidism

* Most heat sensitive region of the male reproductive tract * Site of maturation & storage organ for spermatozoa before ejaculation; has circular smooth muscles that aid in the transport of sperm to ductus deferens

Epididymis

*Epididymis * Divided into: (3)

Head/caput epididymis – largest part Body/corpus epididymis – runs along the dorsolateral surface of the testis Tail/cauda epididymis – continued to ductus deferens

* Or deferent duct * It passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra.

Vas deferens

*Vas deferens Begins at the tail of the epididymis and runs along the border of the testicle, entering into the abdominal cavity through an area called the _________ _____

inguinal canal

*Vas deferens has several layers: (3)

the tunica adventitia muscularis mucosa

Blood supply of the vas deferens

urogenital artery

Spermatic cord consist of (5)

a. ductus deferens b. testicular artery, vein and nerve c. artery and vein of the deferent duct d. mesoductus deferens e. mesorchium

*Spermatic cord structure that attaches the vas deferens to the mesorchium

mesoductus deferens

*Spermatic cord fold of peritoneum or a part of the visceral vaginal tunic that covers that vessels and nerve

mesorchium

- migration of the testis from the abdominal cavity into the scrotal sac

Descent of the Testis

*Descent of the Testis * expansion of the ______or ___________ part of the gubernaculums beyond the external inguinal opening toward the scrotal sac * _______ on the proximal or intra abdominal part of the gubernaculums pulling it distally into the inguinal canal * expansion of the proximal part of the gubernaculums thus _______ the testis toward the internal inguinal ring * rapid descent of the testis through the ________ ______ due to sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure * ___________ of the core of the gubernaculums resulting to formation of the proper ligament of the testis and the ligament of the tail of the epididymis

caudal or extra-abdominal traction pulling inguinal canal regression

* The only accessory gland in dog * Encloses the neck of the bladder; prosthetic urethra and the vas deferens * Lies in the abdominal cavity until the animal is 2 months after which it is confined in the pelvic cavity

Prostate Gland

*Functions of Prostate Gland essential in providing an optimum environment for sperm ________ and ________

survival and motility.

*Functions of Prostate Gland _________ ______ are added to the sperm to nourish it which aid in its transport from the penis and through the uterus

additional fluids

*Functions of Prostate Gland It produces an ________ _________ that neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina.

alkaline secretion

*Anomaly in the prostate gland * _________ __________ occurs frequently in old dogs; may be due to hormonal imbalance or dogs that are trained to retain urine for long periods of time – Surgical intervention

Prostatic hypertrophy

* the male copulatory organ * located within the prepuce * When it is not erect it is completely enclosed within the prepuce, which is attached to the lower outside abdominal wall.

Penis

Penis is divided into: (3)

a. root (radix penis) b. body (corpus penis) c. distal portion (glans penis)

distal portion (glans penis) – further divided into: (2)

1. bulbus glandis 2. pars longa glandis

*Penis the root and body which are continuous are composed of: (2)

corpora cavernosa penis corpus spongiosum penis

contains enlarged cavernous spaces

corpora cavernosa penis

ventrally located and contains the penile urethra and the proximal end of the penis

corpus spongiosum penis

* the root of the penis is attached to the tuber ischii via its left and right attachments called ____, blending of this forms the body

crura

the corpus spongiosum has a bilobed expansion called the _____ of the _____

bulb of the penis (or urethral bulb)

*Penis thickest part and area of greatest potential expansion

bulbus glandis

* also called a “knot” * an erectile tissue structure on the penis of canid mammals. * responsible for copulatory lock together with the circular muscles of the vagina * occurs in some pinnipeds, including South American fur seals

Bulbus glandis

Cross section of the root of the penis (7)

A. Crus of the penis B. Tunica albuginea C. Ischiocavernosus muscle D. Urethra E. Corpus spongiosum F. Bulbospongiosus muscle G. Retractor penis muscle

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired) primarily contains smooth muscle fibers

retractor penis muscles

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired) short, broad muscles covering the crura of the penis

ischiocavernous muscles

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired) cover the superficial of the bulb of the penis

bulbospongiosus muscles

*Extrinsic Muscles of the Penis (paired) originates from the dorsal surface of the ischial tuberosity

ischiourethralis muscles

Blood supply of the penis (2)

internal and external pudendal arteries

External and internal ________ veins collect blood from the penis

pudendal

Nerve supply of the penis (2)

pudendal and pelvic nerves

* the only visceral bone in the dog * it is long and tapered, the proximal end is broad and is located in the body of the penis caudal to the bulbus glandis * the distal end of the bone is small and in diameter and is continued by a curved cartilaginous projection

Os penis or Baculum

Os penis or Baculum is divided into: (3)

a. apex b. body c. base

*Os penis or Baculum the tapered end wherein a cartilaginous tip is attached by a fibrous strand

apex

*Os penis or Baculum elongated part with the urethral groove located along the ventral surface of the base and body

body

*Os penis or Baculum short portion attached to the outer layer of the cavernous bodies

base

*Mechanism of Penile Erection filling with blood of cavernous spaces in erectile tissues with stimulation of pelvic nerves resulting to increase blood pressure to penis and inhibition of venous drainage; dilatation of arteries

Erection

*Mechanism of Penile Erection with contraction of ischiocavernous m., ischiourethralis m., and bulbospongiosus m. and venous occlusion

Intromission

*Mechanism of Penile Erection ____________ then __________of muscles, decrease arterial pressure and venous drainage.

Ejaculation then Relaxation

*Mechanism of Penile Erection In the dog, delayed erection is due to ____ __________ of the bulbus glandis and the pars longa glandis.

slow engorgement

*Mechanism of Penile Erection coitus, 2 stages:

* mounted * lock or tie – longer duration

a hollow tube that carries sperm and urine which extends from the urinary bladder to the very tip of the penis

Urethra

3 Parts of the urethra

1. prostatic urethra 2. membranous portion of the urethra 3. penile urethra

*Part of the Urethra passed thru the prostate gland

prostatic urethra

*Part of the Urethra part between the prostate and the bulb of the penis

membranous portion of the urethra

*Part of the Urethra portion from the bulb to the external opening

penile urethra

* attached to the ventral abdominal wall; its distal open end is free * contains the preputial muscle which is a part of the cutaneous trunci muscle extending from the area of the xiphoid cartilage to the dorsal wall of the prepuce; they are relaxed during erection

Prepuce

prevents the free end of the prepuce from hanging loosely during non-erection and pulls the prepuce back over the glans penis after erection

Function of the preputial muscle:

plexus of veins drains blood from the testicles back to the heart.

Pampiniform plexus

*Prepuce a moist protective covering for the non-erect penis, and is capable of secreting ______, a thick, lubricating liquid

smegma