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V.ANAT 121 > The Muscular System Intro > Flashcards

The Muscular System Intro Flashcards

1
Q

are responsible for all types of body movement – they contract or shorten and are the machine of the body

A

Muscles

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2
Q

Muscle – Latin: ___ “a muscle,” literally “little mouse,” diminutive of mus “mouse”

A

musculus

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3
Q

Prefix myo refers to

A

muscle

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4
Q

Prefix sarco refers to

A

flesh

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5
Q

Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell =

A

muscle fiber)

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6
Q

Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of?

A

microfilaments

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7
Q

What are the Three basic muscle types found in the body

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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8
Q

*Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

Most are attached by

A

tendons to bones

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9
Q

*Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Cells are

A

multinucleate

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10
Q

*Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
– have visible banding

A

Striated

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11
Q

*Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle

around single muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

*Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
– subject to conscious control

A

Voluntary

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13
Q

*Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle

around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

*Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle

covers the entire skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

*Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle

on the outside of the epimysium

A

Fascia

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16
Q

– cord-like structures

A

Tendons

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17
Q

– sheet-like structures

A

Aponeuroses

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18
Q

Sites of muscle attachment

A

Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings

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19
Q

*Accessory Structures of Muscles

located in certain tendons or joint capsules specifically at friction points; derived from the Latin word “sesamum” (sesame seed), due to the small size of most sesamoids

Functions:
a. protect tendons especially those passing over bony prominences
b. provide greater surface area for attachment of tendons over certain joints
c. divert the pull of tendons so that greater force is applied to the part being moved

A

Sesamoid bones

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20
Q

*Accessory Structures of Muscles

are connective tissue sacs filled with a viscous fluid and they reduce friction; they usually develop between tendons, ligament or muscle or between a bony growth and the skin

A

Bursae

21
Q

*Accessory Structures of Muscles

are double-layered sacs with synovial fluid or synovia; they wrap tendons as they pass bony or fibrous projections.

A

Synovial tendon sheaths
or “synovium”

22
Q

*Accessory Structures of Muscles

are the auxillary tissues that connect muscle to muscle.

A

Fasciae

23
Q

*Accessory Structures of Muscles

are connective tissues that connect one bone to another bone.

A

Ligaments

24
Q

*Accessory Structures of Muscles

are connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.

A

Aponeuroses and tendons

25
Q

 also called aponeurotica
 an extremely delicate, thin sheath-like structure, which attaches muscles to the bones
 white, transparent sheath, a flat structure
 When a muscle moves by flexing or extending, an aponeurosis acts like a spring to bear the extra pressure and tension.

A

Aponeurosis

26
Q

 tough, rounded cord-like structure which are extensions of the muscle

 white, shiny and glazed, rope- like tough structure

 moves a bone when a muscle contracts. This allow the body to move and be flexible while aponeuroses allow the body to be strong and stable.

A

Tendon

27
Q

 Has no striations
 Spindle-shaped cells
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary – no conscious control
 Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
 Slow, sustained and tireless

A

Smooth Muscle

28
Q

 Has striations
 Usually has a single nucleus
 Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc
 Involuntary
 Found only in the heart
 Steady pace!

A

Cardiac Muscle

29
Q

Function of Muscles

A

 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heatis
attained due to
a muscle
moving an
attached bone

30
Q

is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone

A

Movement

31
Q

Muscles are attached to at least two points, which are

A

Origin and Insertion

32
Q

attachment to a moveable bone

A

origin

33
Q

Results of increased muscle use (4)

A

 Increase in muscle size
 Increase in muscle strength
 Increase in muscle efficiency
 Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

34
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Direction of muscle fibers

A

rectus (straight)

35
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Relative size of the muscle

A

maximus (largest)

36
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscle

A

many muscles are named
for bones (e.g., temporalis)

37
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Number of origins

A

triceps (three heads)

38
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscles origin and insertion

A

sterno (on the sternum)

39
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Shape of the muscle

A

deltoid (triangular)

40
Q

*Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Action of the muscle

A

flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)

41
Q

These muscles cause the movement to occur by contracting. They are also referred to as prime movers since they are the muscles that are primarily responsible for generating the movement

A

agonists

42
Q

These muscles act in opposition to the movement generated by the agonists and are responsible for returning a limb to its initial position.

A

antagonists

43
Q

These muscles perform, or assist in performing, the same set of joint motion as the agonists. These are sometimes referred to as neutralizers because they help cancel out, or neutralize, extra motion from the agonists to make sure that the force generated works within the desired plane of motion.

A

synergists

44
Q

These muscles provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while the movement occurs. These are also sometimes called stabilizers.

A

fixators

45
Q

The biceps brachii flex the lower arm. The brachoradialis, in the forearm, and brachialis, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion.

A

Prime Movers and Synergists:

46
Q

To extend the leg at the knee, a group of four muscles called the ______ in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the ___ of leg extension at the knee). A set of ____ called the __ in the posterior compartment of the thigh are activated to slow or stop the movement.

A

quadriceps femoris
agonists
antagonists
hamstring

47
Q

inherited, muscle enlarge due to increased fat and connective tissue, but fibers degenerate and atrophy

A

Muscular Dystrophy

48
Q

lacking a protein to maintain the sarcolemma

A

Duchenne MD

49
Q

progressive weakness due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors

A

Myasthemia Gravis

V.ANAT 121 (35 decks)

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