I. Vertebral Column (The Vertebral Column, Ribs And Sternum)

Question 1

Protects, supports, and acts as a flexible, slightly compressible rod through which the propelling force generated by the pelvic limbs is transmitted to the rest of the body

Answer 1

Vertebral cloumn

Question 2

Basic movements (4):

Answer 2

◦ Flexion or dorsal arching of the spine
◦ Extension, straightening, or ventral arching of the spine
◦ Lateral flexion and extension
◦ Rotation

Question 3

VC has Approximately __ irregular bones

Answer 3

50

Question 4

Parts of the VC (5)

Answer 4

 CERVICAL
 THORACIC
 LUMBAR
 SACRAL
 CAUDAL / COCCYGEAL

Question 5

how many bones;
C_ T_ L_ S_ Cd_

Answer 5

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20

Question 6

1. Protect the spinal cord and roots of the spinal nerves
2. Aid in the support of the head and the internal organs
3. Furnish attachment for the muscles governing body movements

Answer 6

Function of the vertebrae

Question 7

Vertebrae parts;

Answer 7

1. Body / centrum
2. Vertebral arch / neural arch
   -consists of R and L pedicles and laminae
3. Processes for muscular or articular
   connections (transverse, spinous, and
   articular)

Question 8

 Constricted centrally
 Has convex cranial articular surface
 Has centrally depressed caudal articular
surface
 Intervertebral fibrocartilage / disc

Answer 8

Body

Question 9

bulges freely when the confining pressure of the outer portion, or fibrous ring, is released

Answer 9

Center: pulpy nucleus

Question 10

 Has 2 pedicles and 2 laminae
 Arch + body = vertebral foramen
 Concurring vertebral foramina forms
vertebral canal
 R and L intervertebral foramina

Answer 10

Vertebral arch/Neural arch

Question 11

Through these pass the spinal nerves, arteries and veins

Answer 11

R and L intervertebral foramina

Question 12

*from the vertebral arch

Processes (3)

Answer 12

 Spinous process
 Transverse process
 Articular process

Question 13

In the cervical region, there is the presence of transverse foramen

Answer 13

Transverse process

Question 14

Articular process (2)

Answer 14

◦ Cranial process / prezygapophysis
 Faces craniodorsally
◦ Caudal process / postzygapophysis
 Faces cranioventrally

Question 15

 Cranial articular surface
 Caudal articular surface
 Vertebral foramen
 Intervertebral foramina
 Transverse foramina
 Atlas
 Axis
 3rd, 4th,5th cervical vertebrae
 6th cervical vertebra
 7th cervical vertebra

Answer 15

Cervical vertebrae

Question 16

◦ Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
◦ Joint movement is flexion and extension
◦ “yes joint”

Answer 16

Cranial articular surface

Question 17

◦ Joint movement is rotation
◦ “no joint”

Answer 17

Caudal articular surface

Question 18

◦ The spinal cord passes through this foramen: the collective vertebral foramina are referred to as the vertebral canal, or spinal canal.

Answer 18

Vertebral foramen

Question 19

also called the neural foramen, is the opening between the vertebrae through which spinal nerve roots travel and exit to other parts of the body.

Answer 19

Intervertebral foramina

Question 20

◦ The _____ of cervical vertebrae is an opening that is occupied by the vertebral artery and vein in the first six vertebrae and only the vertebral vein in the seventh.

Answer 20

Transverse foramina

Question 21

◦ 1st cervical vertebra, atypical
◦ Modified articular process
◦ Lack of spinous process
◦ Reduction of its body
◦ Lateral parts are thick and strong, forming lateral masses

Answer 21

Atlas

Question 22

◦ 2nd cervical vertebra
◦ Has elongated, bladelike, dorsal spinous process
◦ Has a cranioventral peglike eminence called dens or odontoid process

Answer 22

Axis

Question 23

◦ Differ slightly from each other
◦ Transverse processes of the 5th cervical vertebra are the shortest

Answer 23

3rd, 4th,5th cervical vertebrae

Question 24

◦ Possesses a higher spine than the 3rd, 4th, and 5th
◦ Expanded plate-like transverse processes

Answer 24

6th cervical vertebra

Question 25

◦ Lacks transverse foramina
◦ Its spine is highest among all cervical vertebrae

Answer 25

7th cervical vertebra

Question 26

 13 thoracic vertebrae
 The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae are shorter than those of the cervical or lumbar region
 Possesses a cranial and caudal costal fovea or demifacet up to 11th thoracic vertebra
◦ 11th thoracic vertebra lacks caudal demifacets
 Spinous process – most conspicuous feature of the first 9 thoracic vertebrae
 The spine of the 1st thoracic vertebra is more massive than the others, but is about the same length

Answer 26

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 27

Anticlinal vertebra (TV) =

Answer 27

11th thoracic vertebra

Question 28

◦ small, knoblike eminences which project dorsally from the transverse processes (TV)

Answer 28

Mammillary processes / metapophyses

Question 29

◦ Appears mid-thoracic up to the 5th or 6th lumbar vertebra (TV)

Answer 29

Accessory processes / anapophyses

Question 30

 Have longer bodies than thoracic vertebrae
 Body of 7th lumbar vertebra is as
approximately long as the 1st
 The spinous processes are highest and most massive in the mid-lumbar region.
 The transverse processes are longest in the mid-lumbar region.
◦ Can be palpated in emaciated animals
 Accessory processes are well developed on the 1st 3 or 4 lumbar vertebrae, and absent on the 5th or 6th.

Answer 30

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 31

 Body of the 1st segment is larger than the bodies of the other 2 segments combined

Answer 31

Sacral vertebrae

Question 32

Dorsal surface presents the _____ – fused 3 spinous processes (SV)

Answer 32

median sacral
crest

Question 33

 The body of the 1st vertebra is as wide as it is long
 Vertebral arch is best developed in the 1st coccygeal segment
 Hemal arches are V or Y-shaped separate bones that protect the median coccygeal artery

Answer 33

Coccygeal Vertebrae

Question 34

◦ Articulate with 4th-6th coccygeal vertebrae
◦ Hemal processes

Answer 34

median coccygeal artery

Question 35

The blood supply to the tail is
also of interest because __% of
heat loss in the rat occurs via the __.

Answer 35

20
tail