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V.ANAT 121 > Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Eye and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Eye (8)

A
  1. eyeball or globe
  2. orbit
  3. eyelids
  4. conjunctiva
  5. lacrimal apparatus
  6. ocular muscles
  7. optic nerve
  8. vessels
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2
Q

Canine eye types (4)

A

Almond

Full, round, globular

Triangular

Oval

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3
Q

Also called “globe” or “bulbus oculi”

A

Eyeball

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4
Q

Eyeball is formed by three concentric coats:

A

◦ fibrous tunic – outer layer
◦ vascular tunic – middle layer
◦ nervous tunic – inner layer

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5
Q

Fibrous tunic is divided into: (2)

A

-sclera (opaque portion)

-cornea (transparent portion)

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6
Q

 the main refractive element in the eye’s optical system
 transmits over 90% of the incident light at visible wavelengths.

A

Cornea

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7
Q

*Cornea

 transparency is achieved because, at the nanoscopic level, the _______ ________ ________ within the lamellae have a small, uniform diameter and are positioned with respect to each other with a high degree of lateral order.

A

corneal collagen fibrils

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8
Q

Layers of cornea (5)

A

 Epithelium
 Bowman’s layer
 Stroma
 Descemet’s layer
 Endothelium

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9
Q

*Layer of the cornea

non-keratinized; replaced every 7 days

A

Epithelium

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10
Q

*Layer of the cornea

acellular, not regeneratable

A

Bowman’s layer

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11
Q

*Layer of the cornea

90% of corneal thickness; regeneratable

A

Stroma

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12
Q

*Layer of the cornea

produces by endothelium; basement membrane

A

Descemet’s layer

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13
Q

*Layer of the cornea

single layer of hexagonal cells; indivisible

A

Endothelium

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14
Q

 the white part of the eye; constitutes the rest of the globe

A

Sclera

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15
Q

Function of the sclera (3)

A

 Protects the intraocular contents from trauma and mechanical displacement.
 Preserve the shape of the eyeball.
 Provide a rigid insertion for extraocular
muscles.

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16
Q

 also called uvea or uveal tract

A

Vascular tunic

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17
Q

inflammation of vascular tunic is called

A

uveitis

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18
Q

*Vascular tunic

 consist of (from posterior to anterior) (3)

A

a. choroid
b. ciliary body
c. iris

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19
Q

 also known as the choroidea or choroid coat,
 the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue
 lies between the retina and the sclera

A

Choroid

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20
Q

4 Layers of choroid

A

 Haller’s layer
 Sattler’s layer
 Choriocapillaris
 Bruch’s membrane

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21
Q

*Layer of the choroid

outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels

A

Haller’s layer

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22
Q

*Layer of the choroid

layer of medium diameter blood vessels

A

Sattler’s layer

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23
Q

*Layer of the choroid

layer of capillaries

A

Choriocapillaris

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24
Q

*Layer of the choroid

(syn: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) - innermost layer of the choroid

A

Bruch’s membrane

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25
Q

*Mechanism

 _______ helps the choroid limit uncontrolled reflection within the eye that would potentially result in the perception of confusing images

A

Melanin

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26
Q

*Mechanism

 In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision. In these animals, melanin is absent from a section of the choroid and within that section a layer of highly reflective tissue, the ______ _______, helps to collect light by reflecting it in a controlled manner.

A

tapetum lucidum

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27
Q

*Mechanism

 The uncontrolled reflection of light from dark choroid produces the photographic _______ effect on photos, whereas the controlled reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum produces ________

A

red-eye effect

eyeshine

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28
Q

 structure in the eye that releases a transparent liquid (called the aqueous humor) within the eye.

A

Ciliary body

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29
Q

 a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
 The color of the this gives the eye its color.

A

iris

30
Q

 the innermost tunic of the eye
 it is also called the nervous coat or retina
 it is therefore connected to the brain by the optic nerve

A

Nervous tunic

31
Q

3 distinct areas of the nervous tunic:

A

a. pars iridica retinae
b. pars ciliaris retinae
c. pars optical retinae

32
Q

comprise the nonvisual or blind retina (2)

A

-Pars iridica retinae

-Pars ciliaris retinae

33
Q

is the visual retina or the only part that is photosensitive

A

*Pars optica retinae

34
Q

*The photoreceptors of the retina are the rods and cones: rods function at _____ and cones function at ________. Presence of rods plus tapetum indicates a better vision in reduced illumination.

A

night

daylight

35
Q

 a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
 Changes shape so that it can focus on objects at various distances. This adjustment is known as accommodation.

A

Lens

36
Q

is bounded by the cornea anteriorly and the iris posteriorly

A

anterior chamber

37
Q

is bounded anteriorly by the posterior face of the iris and posteriorly by the anterior lens capsule; it is smaller than the anterior chamber

A

posterior chamber

38
Q

*Anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

these 2 chambers are filled with _______ _____; should be clear and colorless; it is maintained at an __________ _______ of approximately 15 – 30 mm of Hg in the dog; this pressure is essential to maintain the normal shape and firmness of the

A

aqueous humor

intraocular pressure

39
Q

 the largest of the 3 chambers of the eye
 the vitreous body occupies this
 the vitreous body is a soft, clear gel which conforms to the shape of the cavity it occupies
 it maintains the shape of the eyeball

A

Vitreous chamber

40
Q

 the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.
 can refer to the bony socket

A

Orbit

41
Q

*Foramina present in the medial wall of the orbit

where optic nerve and internal ophthalmic artery pass as they leave the cranial cavity

A

optic canal

42
Q

*Foramina present in the medial wall of the orbit

gives passage to the oculomotor, trochle, abducent and ophthalmic nerves; the retractor bulbi muscles originates here

A

orbital fissure

43
Q

*Foramina present in the medial wall of the orbit

transmits the external ethmoidal artery and nerve

A

2 ethmoidal foramina

44
Q

*Foramina present in the medial wall of the orbit

continued rostrally as the lacrimal canal which contains the nasolacrimal duct

A

Fossa for lacrimal sac

45
Q

5 Foramina present in the medial wall of the orbit

A

 optic canal
 orbital fissure
 rostal alar foramen
 2 ethmoidal foramina
 Fossa for lacrimal sac

46
Q

 a thin fold of skin that covers and protects the eye.
 The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts this to “open” the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily (blinking)

A

Eyelid

47
Q

 lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (white part of the eye)
 helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears, although a smaller volume of tears than the lacrimal gland
 It also contributes to immune surveillance
 and helps to prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye.

A

Conjunctiva

48
Q

 a group of organs concerned with the production and drainage of tears
 a protective device that helps keep the eye moist and free of dust and other irritating particles.

A

Lacrimal apparatus

49
Q

*Lacrimal apparatus

contributes to the production of tear film, the precorneal tear film is essential to the normal transparent state of the cornea; lacrimal fluid flows across the cornea, aided by blinking.

A

Lacrimal gland or tear gland

50
Q

*Lacrimal apparatus

includes the lacrimal puncta (dorsal and ventral), lacrimal caniculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct

A

Nasolacrimal Duct System

51
Q

*Lacrimal apparatus

located on the inner surface of the upper and lower lid margins; they are the oval openings of the lacrimal canaliculi; the lacrimal canaliculi enter the lacrimal sac which is the dilated origin of the nasolacrimal duct; the nasolacrimal duct passes from the lacrimal sac thru the lacrimal canal.

A

Lacrimal Puncta

52
Q

 a dog “leads with its ears”
 An organ of hearing and balance

A

Ear

53
Q

 shape of the ear is characteristic of the _____, and there are many types of outer ears

A

breed

54
Q

Parts of the ear (3)

A

external ear (pinna and external auditory meatus)

middle ear

internal (inner) ear

55
Q

*External ear

◦ ear flap or auricle
◦ highly mobile and can be controlled independently
◦ a funnel-like plate of cartilage that receives air vibrations and transmits them via the ear canal to the eardrum (tympanic membrane)

A

Pinnae

56
Q

*External ear

◦ Presents a cutaneous lining which includes stratified squamous epithelium, rich in sebaceous and tubular glands and hairs
◦ Sebaceous and tubular glands both secrete and cerumen or ear wax

A

External Auditory Meatus

57
Q

 Consists of the tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane (ear drum) and the 3 auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
 It is connected to the pharynx by way of the auditory tube or the Eustachian tube

A

Middle ear

58
Q

Tympanic membrane contains (4)

A

a. auditory ossicles
b. chorda tympani (tympanic nerve)
c. ossicular muscles
d. auditory tube

59
Q

 has 3 small bones which transmit air vibrations from the tympanic membrane across the cavity of the middle ear to the inner ear

A

Auditory ossicles

60
Q

*Auditory ossicles

 The most lateral and the largest is the _______, the most medial is the ______ and is the smallest bone in the body, between the malleus and the stapes is the _____

A

malleus

stapes

incus

61
Q

 Nerve of Jacobson
 contains both sensory and secretory fibers
 leaves the facial nerve to join the lingual nerve

A

Chorda tymphani or Tympanic membrane

62
Q

*Ossicular muscles

which acts to draw the malleus medially, tensing the tympanic membrane

A

Tensor tympani

63
Q

*Ossicular muscles

the smallest skeletal muscle in the body; it moves the rostral end of the base of the stapes caudolaterally

A

Stapedius muscle

64
Q

 also known as the eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube
 a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

A

Auditory tube

65
Q

4 largest muscle asso. the Eustachian tube

A
  • Levator veli palatini (innervated by the vagus nerve)
  • Salpingopharyngeus (innervated by the vagus nerve)
  • Tensor tympani (innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V)
  • Tensor veli palatini (innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V)
66
Q

 It is housed in a bony labyrinth in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The bony labyrinth contains the membranous labyrinth with its sensory organs responsible for hearing and balance.

A

Inner ear

67
Q

*Inner ear

Bony inner ear can be divided into three parts:

A

a. the rostral part is the cochlea
b. caudal part consists of the three semicircular canals
c. bony vestibule

68
Q

what serve as the body’s balance organ

A

semicircular canals and vestibule

69
Q

which serves as the body’s microphone, converting sound pressure impulses from the outer ear into electrical impulses which are passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve.

A

cochlea

70
Q

The cochlear duct contains the end organ of hearing, the organ of _____

A

Corti

71
Q

Ciliary body contains the _______ _______, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on something. This process is called _____________

A

ciliary muscle

accommodation

72
Q

*Iris

 In optical terms, the _____ is the eye’s ________ and the iris is the diaphragm that serves as the ________ ____

A

pupil

aperture

aperture stop

V.ANAT 121 (35 decks)

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