Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
the adjustment of an animal’s response to changes in the environment and the complex linking of the various processes in the body that this response involves
A
Co-ordination
2
Q
The Nervous system has 3 major functions:
A
Sensory
Integration
Motor
3
Q
*The Nervous system has 3 major functions:
monitors internal & external environment through presence of receptors
A
Sensory
4
Q
*The Nervous system has 3 major functions:
interpretation of sensory information (information processing); complex (higher order) functions
A
Integration
5
Q
*The Nervous system has 3 major functions:
response to information processed through stimulation of effectors
muscle contraction
glandular secretion
A
Motor
6
Q
The ANS consists of 2 divisions:
A
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
7
Q
*Division of ANS
is involved in the stimulation of activities that prepare the body for action, such as increasing the heart rate, increasing the release of sugar from the liver into the blood, and other generally considered as fight-or-flight responses (responses that serve to fight off or retreat from danger).
A
sympathetic nervous system
8
Q
*Division of ANS
activates tranquil functions, such as stimulating the secretion of saliva or digestive enzymes into the stomach.
A
parasympathetic nervous system
9
Q
*Histology of neural tissue
Two types of neural cells in the nervous system:
A
Neurons
Neuroglia
10
Q
*Histology of neural tissue
- For processing, transfer, and storage of information
- Functional units of the nervous system
A
Neurons
11
Q
*Histology of neural tissue
For support, regulation & protection of neurons
A
Neuroglia
12
Q
*Neuroglia (glial cells)
CNS neuroglia: (4)
A
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells
13
Q
*Neuroglia (glial cells)
PNS neuroglia: (2)
A
- Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
- satellite cells
14
Q
*Neuron structure
Stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells
A
dendrites
15
Q
*Neuron structure
contains the nucleus and mitochondria, ribosomes and other organelles and inclusions
A
cell body
16
Q
*Neuron structure
conducts nerve impulse (action potential) toward synaptic terminals
A
axon
17
Q
*Neuron structure
affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland)
A
synaptic terminal
18
Q
*Most axons of the nervous system are surrounded by a ______ ______ (myelinated axons)
*The presence of myelin speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon
A
myelin sheath
19
Q
*Myelin will get laid down in segments (internodes) along the axon, leaving unmyelinated gaps known as ______ __ _______
A
“nodes of Ranvier”
20
Q
*Regions of the nervous system containing groupings of myelinated axons make up the _____ ______
A
“white matter”
21
Q
____ ______ is mainly comprised of groups of neuron cell bodies, dendrites & synapses (connections between neurons)
A
“gray matter”
22
Q
- Spinal cord and brain are wrapped in three protective membranes,
A
meninges
23
Q
– Spaces between meninges are filled with
_____________ _____
– Fluid is continuous with that of central canal of spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain
A
cerebrospinal fluid
24
Q
- The ______ _____ of the spinal cord and the __________ of the brain are hollow and filled with ____________ _____
The cerebrospinal fluid is filtered from blood and functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord
A
central canal
ventricles
cerebrospinal fluid
25
* All vertebrate brains develop from three embryonic regions: ?
* 5 brain regions have formed from the 3 embryonic regions
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
26
As the brain develops further, the most profound change occurs in the forebrain, which gives rise to the ________
cerebrum
27
The outer portion of the cerebrum called the ________ ______ surrounds much of the brain
cerebral cortex
28
The cerebrum develops from the embryonic telencephalon
The cerebrum has right and left
________ __________
cerebral hemispheres
29
Each cerebral hemisphere consists of a cerebral cortex (gray matter) overlying white matter and basal nuclei
In humans, the cerebral cortex is the _______ and most complex part of the brain
largest
30
a thick band of nerves that connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres.
corpus callosum
31
The primary function of the corpus callosum is to integrate _____, _______ and _________ ____________ between the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side.
motor
sensory
cognitive performances
32
The Diencephalon develops into 3 regions:
epithalamus
thalamus
The hypothalamus
33
*Diencephalon, 3 regions
includes the pineal gland and generates cerebrospinal fluid from blood
epithalamus
34
*Diencephalon, 3 regions
is the main input center for sensory information to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum
thalamus
35
*Diencephalon, 3 regions
regulates homeostasis and basic survival behaviors such as feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing
hypothalamus
36
Lobes of the dog brain (6)
* Frontal lobe
* Parietal lobe
* Occipital lobe
* Temporal lobe
* Limbic lobe
* Olfactory lobe*
37
*Functions of the different lobes of the brain
for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity
frontal lobe
38
*Functions of the different lobes of the brain
processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement
parietal lobe
39
*Functions of the different lobes of the brain
primarily responsible for vision.
occipital lobe
40
*Functions of the different lobes of the brain
processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch
temporal lobe
41
*Functions of the different lobes of the brain
emotions, memories, and arousal (or stimulation)
limbic lobe
42
* a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum.
* primarily responsible for emotions, and has a lot to do with the formation of memories, and sexual satisfaction
Limbic system
43
limbic from the latin word, ? which means "border"
"limbus"
44
*Function of the limbic system
B. Low threshold for seizure activity; stimulation of the hippocampus or amygdala in cats induces __________ ________ characterized by abnormal behavior (fear/rage) followed by tonic/clonic convulsions.
"psychomotor" convulsions
45
* a small part of the brain located just below the thalamus on both sides of the third ventricle. It sits just inside the two tracts of the optic nerve, and just above the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
46
The hypothalamus is one of the busiest parts of the brain, and is mainly concerned with ___________
homeostasis
47
*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus
(From the _____ nerve, it gets information about blood pressure and the distension of the gut (that is, how full your stomach is).)
vagus
48
*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus
From the _________ ___________ __ ___ _________, it gets information about skin temperature.
reticular formation in the brainstem
49
*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus
From the _____ nerve, it gets information about light and darkness.
optic
50
*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus
From unusual _______ lining the ventricles, it gets information about the contents of the cerebrospinal fluid, including toxins that lead to vomiting.
neurons
51
*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus
From the other parts of the limbic system and the _________ nerves, it gets information that helps regulate eating and sexuality.
olfactory
52
*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus
It also has some receptors of its ___, that provide information about ion balance and temperature of the blood.
own
53
The hypothalamus sends instructions to the rest of the body in two ways:
autonomic nervous system
pituitary gland
54
This allows the hypothalamus to have ultimate control of things like blood pressure, heartrate, breathing, digestion, sweating, and all the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions.
autonomic nervous system
55
It is neurally and chemically connected to the pituitary, which in turn pumps hormones called releasing factors into the bloodstream.
pituitary gland
56
* consists of two “horns” (Ammon's horn) that curve back from the amygdala
* it converts short-term memory to long term memory
Hippocampus
57
*Hippocampus
very important in the diagnosis of rabies:
NEGRI BODIES
58
* two almond-shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus at the lower end of the hippocampus
Amygdala
59
it provides a pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus, seems to be responsible for focusing attention on emotionally significant events, and for associating memories to smells and to pain.
Cingulate gyrus
60
consists of dopamine pathways that seem to be responsible for pleasure.
Ventral tegmental area of the brain stem
61
lie over and to the sides of the limbic system, and are tightly connected with the cortex above them. These are responsible for repetitive behaviors, reward experiences, and focusing attention.
Basal ganglia
62
part of the frontal lobe which lies in front of the motor area, is also closely linked to the limbic system. Involved in thinking about the future, making plans, and taking action.
Prefrontal cortex
63
* Puppies are born with both ____ and ____ sealed shut, leaving the sense of _____ as their only guide during their first weeks of life. A puppy won’t typically gain his hearing until __ weeks after birth, while the eyes will begin to open around 2 weeks – even then, vision is limited to simple changes in light and movement. It can take up to 2 months after being born for a puppy’s eyes to become fully developed.
eyes
ears
smell
3
64
* important for coordination and movement
* It is also involved in learning and remembering motor skills
The Cerebellum
65
*Cerebellar Ataxia in Dogs and Cats
When the cerebellum is damaged, it can result in a loss of ___(3). It can also sometimes cause cognitive impairment.
coordination
balance
motor function control
66
coordinates and conducts information between brain centers
brainstem
67
The brainstem has three parts:
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
68
*Parts of the brainstem
contains centers for receipt and integration of sensory information
midbrain
69
*Parts of the brainstem
regulates breathing centers in the medulla
pons
70
*Parts of the brainstem
contains centers that control several functions including breathing, cardiovascular activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion
medulla oblongata
71
* Runs through the vertebral canal of the
vertebral column
The Spinal Cord
72
Functions of spinal cord
1. Sensory and motor innervation of entire body inferior to the head through the spinal nerves
2. Two-way conduction pathway between the body and the brain
3. Major center for reflexes
73
The spinal cord can be divided to several regions:
* cervical (C1-C6)
* cervicothoracic (C7-T2)
* thoracolumbar (T3-L3)
* lumbosacral (L3-S2)
* sacral (S3 onwards)
74
*Structure and function of spinal cord
which has axons and white matter
marginal layer
75
*Structure and function of spinal cord
which contains cell bodies and grey matter
mantle
76
3 Structure and function of spinal cord
* marginal layer
* mantle
* spinal canal
77
consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
78
The main function of the PNS is to ___ essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.
to connect the
CNS to the limbs and organs,
79
Unlike the ___, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries.
CNS
80
2 Divisions of PNS
somatic nervous system,
autonomic nervous system
81
*Division of PNS
the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina.
somatic nervous system,
82
*Division of PNS
is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands.
autonomic nervous system
83
The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states:
sympathetic
and parasympathetic.
84
they emerge through foramina or fissures in the cranium and are covered by tubular sheaths derived from the cranial meninges.
Like spinal nerves, these are bundles of sensory or motor fibers that innervate muscles or glands; carry impulses from sensory receptors, or show a combination of these fiber types.
cranial nerves
85
Function: Special sensory (special visceral afferent) that is, the special sense of smell.
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
86
Function: Special sensory (special somatic afferent) that is, the special sense of vision.
Optic Nerve (CN II)
87
Functions: Somatic motor (general somatic efferent) and visceral motor (general visceral efferent parasympathetic).
is the chief motor nerve to the ocular and extraocular muscles. It emerges from the midbrain, pierces the dura lateral to the sellar diaphragm roofing over the hypophysis, and then runs through the roof and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
88
Functions: Somatic motor (general somatic efferent) and proprioceptive to one extraocular muscle (superior oblique).
is the smallest cranial nerve.
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
89
The largest cranial nerve
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
90
*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Opthalmic division – sensory
the major sensory nerve to the horn of the small ruminants
INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE
91
*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Opthalmic division – sensory
supplies sensation to the cornea
LONG CILIARY NERVE
92
*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Maxillary division – sensory
the major sensory nerve to the horn of the ox
CORNUAL NERVE
93
*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Maxillary division – sensory
supplies sensation to the middle part of the chin (infraorbital foramen)
INFRAORBITAL NERVE
94
*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Mandibular division – mixed nerve (sensory and motor)
supplies sensation to the chin (mental foramen)
MENTAL NERVE
95
Function: Somatic motor to one extraocular muscle (lateral rectus).
traverses the common tendinous ring as it enters the orbit, running on and penetrating the medial surface of the lateral rectus
Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
96
Functions: Sensory (special visceral afferent and general somatic afferent), motor (branchial motor or special visceral efferent), and parasympathetic (general visceral efferent). It also carries proprioceptive fibers from the muscles it innervates.
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
97
*Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Some fibers from the geniculate ganglion supply a small area of the skin of the concha of the auricle, close to external acoustic meatus.
General Sensory
97
*Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Fibers carried by the chorda tympani join the lingual nerve to convey taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and soft palate
Taste (Special Sensory)
98
Functions: Special sensory (special somatic afferent) that is, special sensations of hearing and equilibrium.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
99
*Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
is concerned with equilibrium.
vestibular nerve
100
*Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
is concerned with hearing
cochlear nerve
101
Functions: Sensory (general somatic afferent, special visceral afferent, general visceral afferent), motor (special visceral efferent), and parasympathetic (general visceral efferent) for derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
102
CN IX follows the _______________, the only muscle the nerve supplies, and passes between the superior and the middle constrictor muscles of the pharynx to reach the oropharynx and tongue. It contributes sensory fibers to the pharyngeal plexus of nerves.
stylopharyngeus
103
Functions: Sensory (general somatic afferent, special visceral afferent, general visceral afferent), motor (special visceral efferent), and parasympathetic (general visceral efferent).
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
104
The term vagus is derived from the Latin word vagari meaning _________.
wandering
105
Functions: Motor to the striated sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
106
Functions: Motor (general somatic efferent) to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (G. glossa) styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus.
For vocalization and swallowing
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
107
* under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscles.
– Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)
– Brachial plexus (C5–T1)
– Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)
Somatic Nervous System
108
*Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)
is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the thoracic diaphragm, enabling breathing.
phrenic nerve
109
The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back.
Brachial plexus
110
* The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus
* The first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic
Lumbosacral plexus
