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V.ANAT 121 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the adjustment of an animal’s response to changes in the environment and the complex linking of the various processes in the body that this response involves

A

Co-ordination

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2
Q

The Nervous system has 3 major functions:

A

 Sensory
 Integration
 Motor

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3
Q

*The Nervous system has 3 major functions:

monitors internal & external environment through presence of receptors

A

Sensory

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4
Q

*The Nervous system has 3 major functions:

interpretation of sensory information (information processing); complex (higher order) functions

A

Integration

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5
Q

*The Nervous system has 3 major functions:

response to information processed through stimulation of effectors
 muscle contraction
 glandular secretion

A

Motor

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6
Q

The ANS consists of 2 divisions:

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

*Division of ANS

is involved in the stimulation of activities that prepare the body for action, such as increasing the heart rate, increasing the release of sugar from the liver into the blood, and other generally considered as fight-or-flight responses (responses that serve to fight off or retreat from danger).

A

sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

*Division of ANS

activates tranquil functions, such as stimulating the secretion of saliva or digestive enzymes into the stomach.

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

*Histology of neural tissue

Two types of neural cells in the nervous system:

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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10
Q

*Histology of neural tissue

  • For processing, transfer, and storage of information
  • Functional units of the nervous system
A

Neurons

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11
Q

*Histology of neural tissue

For support, regulation & protection of neurons

A

Neuroglia

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12
Q

*Neuroglia (glial cells)

CNS neuroglia: (4)

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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13
Q

*Neuroglia (glial cells)

PNS neuroglia: (2)

A
  • Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
  • satellite cells
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14
Q

*Neuron structure

Stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells

A

dendrites

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15
Q

*Neuron structure

contains the nucleus and mitochondria, ribosomes and other organelles and inclusions

A

cell body

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16
Q

*Neuron structure

conducts nerve impulse (action potential) toward synaptic terminals

A

axon

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17
Q

*Neuron structure

affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland)

A

synaptic terminal

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18
Q

*Most axons of the nervous system are surrounded by a ______ ______ (myelinated axons)

*The presence of myelin speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

A

myelin sheath

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19
Q

*Myelin will get laid down in segments (internodes) along the axon, leaving unmyelinated gaps known as ______ __ _______

A

“nodes of Ranvier”

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20
Q

*Regions of the nervous system containing groupings of myelinated axons make up the _____ ______

A

“white matter”

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21
Q

____ ______ is mainly comprised of groups of neuron cell bodies, dendrites & synapses (connections between neurons)

A

“gray matter”

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22
Q
  • Spinal cord and brain are wrapped in three protective membranes,
A

meninges

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23
Q

– Spaces between meninges are filled with
_____________ _____
– Fluid is continuous with that of central canal of spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q
  • The ______ _____ of the spinal cord and the __________ of the brain are hollow and filled with ____________ _____

The cerebrospinal fluid is filtered from blood and functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord

A

central canal

ventricles

cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q
  • All vertebrate brains develop from three embryonic regions: ?
  • 5 brain regions have formed from the 3 embryonic regions
A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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26
Q

As the brain develops further, the most profound change occurs in the forebrain, which gives rise to the ________

A

cerebrum

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27
Q

 The outer portion of the cerebrum called the ________ ______ surrounds much of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

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28
Q

 The cerebrum develops from the embryonic telencephalon
 The cerebrum has right and left
________ __________

A

cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

 Each cerebral hemisphere consists of a cerebral cortex (gray matter) overlying white matter and basal nuclei
 In humans, the cerebral cortex is the _______ and most complex part of the brain

A

largest

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30
Q

a thick band of nerves that connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres.

A

corpus callosum

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31
Q

The primary function of the corpus callosum is to integrate _____, _______ and _________ ____________ between the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side.

A

motor

sensory

cognitive performances

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32
Q

The Diencephalon develops into 3 regions:

A

epithalamus

thalamus

The hypothalamus

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33
Q

*Diencephalon, 3 regions

includes the pineal gland and generates cerebrospinal fluid from blood

A

epithalamus

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34
Q

*Diencephalon, 3 regions

is the main input center for sensory information to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum

A

thalamus

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35
Q

*Diencephalon, 3 regions

regulates homeostasis and basic survival behaviors such as feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

Lobes of the dog brain (6)

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Limbic lobe
  • Olfactory lobe*
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37
Q

*Functions of the different lobes of the brain

for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity

A

frontal lobe

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38
Q

*Functions of the different lobes of the brain

processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement

A

parietal lobe

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39
Q

*Functions of the different lobes of the brain

primarily responsible for vision.

A

occipital lobe

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40
Q

*Functions of the different lobes of the brain

processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch

A

temporal lobe

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41
Q

*Functions of the different lobes of the brain

emotions, memories, and arousal (or stimulation)

A

limbic lobe

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42
Q
  • a complex set of structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, just under the cerebrum.
  • primarily responsible for emotions, and has a lot to do with the formation of memories, and sexual satisfaction
A

Limbic system

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43
Q

limbic from the latin word, ? which means “border”

A

“limbus”

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44
Q

*Function of the limbic system

B. Low threshold for seizure activity; stimulation of the hippocampus or amygdala in cats induces __________ ________ characterized by abnormal behavior (fear/rage) followed by tonic/clonic convulsions.

A

“psychomotor” convulsions

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45
Q
  • a small part of the brain located just below the thalamus on both sides of the third ventricle. It sits just inside the two tracts of the optic nerve, and just above the pituitary gland.
A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

The hypothalamus is one of the busiest parts of the brain, and is mainly concerned with ___________

A

homeostasis

47
Q

*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus

(From the _____ nerve, it gets information about blood pressure and the distension of the gut (that is, how full your stomach is).)

A

vagus

48
Q

*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus

From the _________ ___________ __ ___ _________, it gets information about skin temperature.

A

reticular formation in the brainstem

49
Q

*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus

From the _____ nerve, it gets information about light and darkness.

A

optic

50
Q

*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus

From unusual _______ lining the ventricles, it gets information about the contents of the cerebrospinal fluid, including toxins that lead to vomiting.

A

neurons

51
Q

*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus

From the other parts of the limbic system and the _________ nerves, it gets information that helps regulate eating and sexuality.

A

olfactory

52
Q

*Sources of inputs of the hypothalamus

It also has some receptors of its ___, that provide information about ion balance and temperature of the blood.

A

own

53
Q

The hypothalamus sends instructions to the rest of the body in two ways:

A

autonomic nervous system

pituitary gland

54
Q

This allows the hypothalamus to have ultimate control of things like blood pressure, heartrate, breathing, digestion, sweating, and all the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions.

A

autonomic nervous system

55
Q

It is neurally and chemically connected to the pituitary, which in turn pumps hormones called releasing factors into the bloodstream.

A

pituitary gland

56
Q
  • consists of two “horns” (Ammon’s horn) that curve back from the amygdala
  • it converts short-term memory to long term memory
A

Hippocampus

57
Q

*Hippocampus

very important in the diagnosis of rabies:

A

NEGRI BODIES

58
Q
  • two almond-shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus at the lower end of the hippocampus
A

Amygdala

59
Q

it provides a pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus, seems to be responsible for focusing attention on emotionally significant events, and for associating memories to smells and to pain.

A

Cingulate gyrus

60
Q

consists of dopamine pathways that seem to be responsible for pleasure.

A

Ventral tegmental area of the brain stem

61
Q

lie over and to the sides of the limbic system, and are tightly connected with the cortex above them. These are responsible for repetitive behaviors, reward experiences, and focusing attention.

A

Basal ganglia

62
Q

part of the frontal lobe which lies in front of the motor area, is also closely linked to the limbic system. Involved in thinking about the future, making plans, and taking action.

A

Prefrontal cortex

63
Q
  • Puppies are born with both ____ and ____ sealed shut, leaving the sense of _____ as their only guide during their first weeks of life. A puppy won’t typically gain his hearing until __ weeks after birth, while the eyes will begin to open around 2 weeks – even then, vision is limited to simple changes in light and movement. It can take up to 2 months after being born for a puppy’s eyes to become fully developed.
A

eyes

ears

smell

3

64
Q
  • important for coordination and movement
  • It is also involved in learning and remembering motor skills
A

The Cerebellum

65
Q

*Cerebellar Ataxia in Dogs and Cats

When the cerebellum is damaged, it can result in a loss of ___(3). It can also sometimes cause cognitive impairment.

A

coordination
balance
motor function control

66
Q

coordinates and conducts information between brain centers

A

brainstem

67
Q

The brainstem has three parts:

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

68
Q

*Parts of the brainstem

contains centers for receipt and integration of sensory information

A

midbrain

69
Q

*Parts of the brainstem

regulates breathing centers in the medulla

A

pons

70
Q

*Parts of the brainstem

contains centers that control several functions including breathing, cardiovascular activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion

A

medulla oblongata

71
Q
  • Runs through the vertebral canal of the

vertebral column

A

The Spinal Cord

72
Q

Functions of spinal cord

A
  1. Sensory and motor innervation of entire body inferior to the head through the spinal nerves
  2. Two-way conduction pathway between the body and the brain
  3. Major center for reflexes
73
Q

The spinal cord can be divided to several regions:

A
  • cervical (C1-C6)
  • cervicothoracic (C7-T2)
  • thoracolumbar (T3-L3)
  • lumbosacral (L3-S2)
  • sacral (S3 onwards)
74
Q

*Structure and function of spinal cord

which has axons and white matter

A

marginal layer

75
Q

*Structure and function of spinal cord

which contains cell bodies and grey matter

A

mantle

76
Q

3 Structure and function of spinal cord

A
  • marginal layer
  • mantle
  • spinal canal
77
Q

consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

78
Q

The main function of the PNS is to ___ essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.

A

to connect the
CNS to the limbs and organs,

79
Q

Unlike the ___, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries.

A

CNS

80
Q

2 Divisions of PNS

A

somatic nervous system,

autonomic nervous system

81
Q

*Division of PNS

the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina.

A

somatic nervous system,

82
Q

*Division of PNS

is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands.

A

autonomic nervous system

83
Q

The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states:

A

sympathetic
and parasympathetic.

84
Q

they emerge through foramina or fissures in the cranium and are covered by tubular sheaths derived from the cranial meninges.

Like spinal nerves, these are bundles of sensory or motor fibers that innervate muscles or glands; carry impulses from sensory receptors, or show a combination of these fiber types.

A

cranial nerves

85
Q

Function: Special sensory (special visceral afferent) that is, the special sense of smell.

A

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

86
Q

Function: Special sensory (special somatic afferent) that is, the special sense of vision.

A

Optic Nerve (CN II)

87
Q

Functions: Somatic motor (general somatic efferent) and visceral motor (general visceral efferent parasympathetic).

is the chief motor nerve to the ocular and extraocular muscles. It emerges from the midbrain, pierces the dura lateral to the sellar diaphragm roofing over the hypophysis, and then runs through the roof and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

88
Q

Functions: Somatic motor (general somatic efferent) and proprioceptive to one extraocular muscle (superior oblique).

is the smallest cranial nerve.

A

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

89
Q

The largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

90
Q

*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Opthalmic division – sensory

the major sensory nerve to the horn of the small ruminants

A

INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE

91
Q

*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Opthalmic division – sensory

supplies sensation to the cornea

A

LONG CILIARY NERVE

92
Q

*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Maxillary division – sensory

the major sensory nerve to the horn of the ox

A

CORNUAL NERVE

93
Q

*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Maxillary division – sensory

supplies sensation to the middle part of the chin (infraorbital foramen)

A

INFRAORBITAL NERVE

94
Q

*Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
*Mandibular division – mixed nerve (sensory and motor)

supplies sensation to the chin (mental foramen)

A

MENTAL NERVE

95
Q

Function: Somatic motor to one extraocular muscle (lateral rectus).

traverses the common tendinous ring as it enters the orbit, running on and penetrating the medial surface of the lateral rectus

A

Abducent Nerve (CN VI)

96
Q

Functions: Sensory (special visceral afferent and general somatic afferent), motor (branchial motor or special visceral efferent), and parasympathetic (general visceral efferent). It also carries proprioceptive fibers from the muscles it innervates.

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

97
Q

*Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Some fibers from the geniculate ganglion supply a small area of the skin of the concha of the auricle, close to external acoustic meatus.

A

General Sensory

97
Q

*Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Fibers carried by the chorda tympani join the lingual nerve to convey taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and soft palate

A

Taste (Special Sensory)

98
Q

Functions: Special sensory (special somatic afferent) that is, special sensations of hearing and equilibrium.

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

99
Q

*Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

is concerned with equilibrium.

A

vestibular nerve

100
Q

*Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

is concerned with hearing

A

cochlear nerve

101
Q

Functions: Sensory (general somatic afferent, special visceral afferent, general visceral afferent), motor (special visceral efferent), and parasympathetic (general visceral efferent) for derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch.

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

102
Q

CN IX follows the _______________, the only muscle the nerve supplies, and passes between the superior and the middle constrictor muscles of the pharynx to reach the oropharynx and tongue. It contributes sensory fibers to the pharyngeal plexus of nerves.

A

stylopharyngeus

103
Q

Functions: Sensory (general somatic afferent, special visceral afferent, general visceral afferent), motor (special visceral efferent), and parasympathetic (general visceral efferent).

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

104
Q

The term vagus is derived from the Latin word vagari meaning _________.

A

wandering

105
Q

Functions: Motor to the striated sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

106
Q

Functions: Motor (general somatic efferent) to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (G. glossa) styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus.

For vocalization and swallowing

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

107
Q
  • under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscles.
    – Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)
    – Brachial plexus (C5–T1)
    – Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)
A

Somatic Nervous System

108
Q

*Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)

is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the thoracic diaphragm, enabling breathing.

A

phrenic nerve

109
Q

The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back.

A

Brachial plexus

110
Q
  • The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus
  • The first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic
A

Lumbosacral plexus

V.ANAT 121 (35 decks)

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