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V.ANAT 121 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

one of the body’s most important systems, especially with the control of the body’s function

A

The endocrine system

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2
Q

Endon - within; krimen – to separate; meaning?

A

separating internally

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3
Q

Primary function of the endocrine system

A

for hormone production

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4
Q

secretory products by parenchymal cells of endocrine organs released in minute amount into the circulation in response to an internal or external stimuli

A

Hormones

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5
Q

sites affected by hormones, which may be cells, tissues or entire organs

A

Target organs

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6
Q

are glands that secrete their products through the ducts, and discharge it into the external environment, to organs or the outside the body.

A

Exocrine glands

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7
Q

are ductless, therefore the secreted hormones are released into the interstitial spaces that surround the cells. The hormones are delivered to the nearest capillaries, and spread throughout the body.

A

Endocrine Glands

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8
Q

Primary endocrine organs (5)
 Fxn for hormone production

A

 Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid gland
 Pineal gland (epiphysis)
 Adrenal gland

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9
Q

Organs with endocrine and exocrine functions (4)

A

 Testis
 Ovary
 Pancreas
 Placenta

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10
Q

Organs with endocrine functions secondary to their primary functions (3)

A

 Kidney
 Liver
 Thymus

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11
Q

A small, reddish organ attached to the ventral midline of the brain by a small hollow stalk called “infundibulum”

 Larger in females

A

Hypophysis

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12
Q

Hypo – ?
physis – ?
meaning “growth on the undersurface of the brain”

A

under

growth

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13
Q

*Division of the Hypophysis

◦ “master gland” of the body
◦ Composed of glandular parenchyma and has extensive blood supply
◦ Contains the hypophyseal cleft or intraglandular cleft (large compressed vesicle)

A

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

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14
Q

*Division of the Hypophysis

◦ Pale and fibrous in texture

A

Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis

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15
Q

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body.

A

Growth Hormone (STH)

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16
Q

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes the adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormones.

A

Adenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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17
Q

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyrodine(T4) and triidothyronine (T3).

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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18
Q

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes growth of follicles in the ovaries before ovulation; promotes the formation of sperm in the testes.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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19
Q

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

plays an important role in causing ovulation; also causes secretion of female sex hormones by the ovaries and testosterone; ICSH counterpart in males

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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20
Q

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

promotes development of the breasts and secretion of milk.

A

Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

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21
Q

*Pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

(aka vasopressin), causes the kidneys to retain water, thus increasing the water content of the body; also, in high concentrations causes constriction of the blood vessels throughout the body and elevates the blood pressure.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone-

22
Q

*Pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

contracts the uterus during the birthing process, thus helping expel the puppies; also contracts myoepithelial cells in the breasts, thereby expressing milk from the breasts when the puppy suckles

A

Oxytocin

23
Q

Developmental anatomy of endocrine system

A

From the oral ectoderm and ventral surface of neural tube

24
Q

Blood Supply of Pars distalis (2)

A

internal carotid artery and posterior communicating arteries

25
Q

*Blood Supply of Pars intermedia

A

relatively avascular

26
Q

*Blood Supply of Pars nervosa

A

posterior hypophyseal artery (principal branch of the intercarotid artery)

27
Q

 Paired, elongated, dark red structures lying lateral to the first 5-8 tracheal rings
 Largest among the ductless glands which perform only an endocrine function
 Can be palpated during physical examination especially when enlarged
 Larger in females than in males

A

Thyroid Gland

28
Q

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine

29
Q

*Thyroid Gland

Developmental anatomy:

A

develops from pharyngeal entoderm

30
Q

*Thyroid Gland

Blood supply: (2)

A

primary cranial and caudal thyroid arteries

31
Q

*Thyroid Gland

Nerve supply:

A

thyroid nerve

32
Q

 Small oval bodies associated with the thyroid
 4 independent glands (PT I, II, II, IV); number associated with their respective pharyngeal pouches

A

Parathyroid Gland

33
Q

Hormone produced by the parathyroid gland

A

parathormone

34
Q

maintains Ca:P blood levels

A

parathormone

35
Q

Blood supply of parathyroid gland

A

cranial thyroid artery

36
Q

Pineal gland is also known as the? (3)

A

pineal body, conarium or epiphysis cerebri

37
Q

 It produces melatonin, a serotonin derived hormone, which affects the modulation of sleep patterns
 Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located in the dorsal midline surface of the brain

A

Pineal Gland

38
Q

Adrenal gland is Also called

A

“suprarenal gland”

39
Q

 Paired, bilobed organs, the left is larger located at the lumbar level of the 2nd vertebra
 Right is situated at the level of the last thoracic vertebra

A

Adrenal Gland

40
Q

white or faint yellow in fresh preparation due to large amount of lipid storage

A

Adrenal cortex

41
Q

– dark brown or black in color

◦ Catcholamines: epinephrine/adrenaline,
norepinephrine/noradrenaline

A

Adrenal medulla

42
Q

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)

the zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids – cortisol)

zona reticularis (androgens).

43
Q

*Adrenal cortex

◦Steroid hormones (?)

A

corticosteroids

44
Q

◦ Arterial branches from phrenicoabdominalis and rami adrenales cranialis, branches from abdominal aorta - middle adrenal artery; branches from renal artery – rami adrenales caudalis

A

Blood supply

45
Q

important hormones of the pancreas (4) which circulate in the blood

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

46
Q

 also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

A

Pancreas

47
Q

 Dual function: to produce germ cells and sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone

A

Ovary

48
Q

 Most dog breeds come to estrus ___x a year (monestrous)

A

1-2

49
Q

 produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and to produce testosterone

A

testis

50
Q

 Produces renin which regulates blood volume, blood pressure, and ionic concentration

A

Kidney

V.ANAT 121 (35 decks)

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