The Endocrine System

Question 1

one of the body’s most important systems, especially with the control of the body’s function

Answer 1

The endocrine system

Question 2

Endon - within; krimen – to separate; meaning?

Answer 2

separating internally

Question 3

Primary function of the endocrine system

Answer 3

for hormone production

Question 4

secretory products by parenchymal cells of endocrine organs released in minute amount into the circulation in response to an internal or external stimuli

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

sites affected by hormones, which may be cells, tissues or entire organs

Answer 5

Target organs

Question 6

are glands that secrete their products through the ducts, and discharge it into the external environment, to organs or the outside the body.

Answer 6

Exocrine glands

Question 7

are ductless, therefore the secreted hormones are released into the interstitial spaces that surround the cells. The hormones are delivered to the nearest capillaries, and spread throughout the body.

Answer 7

Endocrine Glands

Question 8

Primary endocrine organs (5)
 Fxn for hormone production

Answer 8

 Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid gland
 Pineal gland (epiphysis)
 Adrenal gland

Question 9

Organs with endocrine and exocrine functions (4)

Answer 9

 Testis
 Ovary
 Pancreas
 Placenta

Question 10

Organs with endocrine functions secondary to their primary functions (3)

Answer 10

 Kidney
 Liver
 Thymus

Question 11

A small, reddish organ attached to the ventral midline of the brain by a small hollow stalk called “infundibulum”

 Larger in females

Answer 11

Hypophysis

Question 12

Hypo – ?
physis – ?
meaning “growth on the undersurface of the brain”

Answer 12

under

growth

Question 13

*Division of the Hypophysis

◦ “master gland” of the body
◦ Composed of glandular parenchyma and has extensive blood supply
◦ Contains the hypophyseal cleft or intraglandular cleft (large compressed vesicle)

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

Question 14

*Division of the Hypophysis

◦ Pale and fibrous in texture

Answer 14

Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis

Question 15

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body.

Answer 15

Growth Hormone (STH)

Question 16

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes the adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormones.

Answer 16

Adenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Question 17

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyrodine(T4) and triidothyronine (T3).

Answer 17

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 18

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

causes growth of follicles in the ovaries before ovulation; promotes the formation of sperm in the testes.

Answer 18

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 19

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

plays an important role in causing ovulation; also causes secretion of female sex hormones by the ovaries and testosterone; ICSH counterpart in males

Answer 19

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 20

*Pars distalis of adenohypophysis

promotes development of the breasts and secretion of milk.

Answer 20

Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

Question 21

*Pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

(aka vasopressin), causes the kidneys to retain water, thus increasing the water content of the body; also, in high concentrations causes constriction of the blood vessels throughout the body and elevates the blood pressure.

Answer 21

Antidiuretic Hormone-

Question 22

*Pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

contracts the uterus during the birthing process, thus helping expel the puppies; also contracts myoepithelial cells in the breasts, thereby expressing milk from the breasts when the puppy suckles

Answer 22

Oxytocin

Question 23

Developmental anatomy of endocrine system

Answer 23

From the oral ectoderm and ventral surface of neural tube

Question 24

Blood Supply of Pars distalis (2)

Answer 24

internal carotid artery and posterior communicating arteries

Question 25

*Blood Supply of Pars intermedia

Answer 25

relatively avascular

Question 26

*Blood Supply of Pars nervosa

Answer 26

posterior hypophyseal artery (principal branch of the intercarotid artery)

Question 27

 Paired, elongated, dark red structures lying lateral to the first 5-8 tracheal rings  Largest among the ductless glands which perform only an endocrine function  Can be palpated during physical examination especially when enlarged  Larger in females than in males

Answer 27

Thyroid Gland

Question 28

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Answer 28

thyroxine

Question 29

*Thyroid Gland Developmental anatomy:

Answer 29

develops from pharyngeal entoderm

Question 30

*Thyroid Gland Blood supply: (2)

Answer 30

primary cranial and caudal thyroid arteries

Question 31

*Thyroid Gland Nerve supply:

Answer 31

thyroid nerve

Question 32

 Small oval bodies associated with the thyroid  4 independent glands (PT I, II, II, IV); number associated with their respective pharyngeal pouches

Answer 32

Parathyroid Gland

Question 33

Hormone produced by the parathyroid gland

Answer 33

parathormone

Question 34

maintains Ca:P blood levels

Answer 34

parathormone

Question 35

Blood supply of parathyroid gland

Answer 35

cranial thyroid artery

Question 36

Pineal gland is also known as the? (3)

Answer 36

pineal body, conarium or epiphysis cerebri

Question 37

 It produces melatonin, a serotonin derived hormone, which affects the modulation of sleep patterns  Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located in the dorsal midline surface of the brain

Answer 37

Pineal Gland

Question 38

Adrenal gland is Also called

Answer 38

“suprarenal gland”

Question 39

 Paired, bilobed organs, the left is larger located at the lumbar level of the 2nd vertebra  Right is situated at the level of the last thoracic vertebra

Answer 39

Adrenal Gland

Question 40

white or faint yellow in fresh preparation due to large amount of lipid storage

Answer 40

Adrenal cortex

Question 41

– dark brown or black in color ◦ Catcholamines: epinephrine/adrenaline, norepinephrine/noradrenaline

Answer 41

Adrenal medulla

Question 42

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 42

zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids) the zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids – cortisol) zona reticularis (androgens).

Question 43

*Adrenal cortex ◦Steroid hormones (?)

Answer 43

corticosteroids

Question 44

◦ Arterial branches from phrenicoabdominalis and rami adrenales cranialis, branches from abdominal aorta - middle adrenal artery; branches from renal artery – rami adrenales caudalis

Answer 44

Blood supply

Question 45

important hormones of the pancreas (4) which circulate in the blood

Answer 45

insulin glucagon somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide

Question 46

 also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

Answer 46

Pancreas

Question 47

 Dual function: to produce germ cells and sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone

Answer 47

Ovary

Question 48

 Most dog breeds come to estrus ___x a year (monestrous)

Answer 48

1-2

Question 49

 produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and to produce testosterone

Answer 49

testis

Question 50

 Produces renin which regulates blood volume, blood pressure, and ionic concentration

Answer 50

Kidney