The Skeletal System Flashcards by Faith Taws

Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage

-Spherical chondrocytes
-has a perichondrium appart from the shoulders and synovial joints

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Describe the function of the Hyaline cartilage

-most abundant
-support and flexability
-connects ends of bones (articular cartilages)
-connects ribs to sternum
(costal cartilages)
-supports nose in respiratory system
(respiratory cartilages)
-supports external nose (nasal cartilages)

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Describe the structure of fibrocartliage

-parralel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibres
-high tensile strength

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Describe the function of fibrocartilage

-shock absorber
-strong
-compressable

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What is the axial skeleton?

consists of bones of the head and trunk of the vertebrate

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What is the overall main function of the skeleton and bones?

-support for body and soft organs
-protection for spinal cord and vital organs
-movement-levers for muscle action

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Name the seven important functions of the skeleton and bones

-support
-protection
-anchorage
-mineral storage
-blood cell formation
-triglyceride storage
-hormone production

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What is anchorage?

skeletal muscles attaching to bones by tendons, use bones as levers to move the body and its parts.

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Why is mineral storage important in bones?

most important mineral is calcium phosphate found in ground substance

The stored minerals are released into the bloodstream in their ionic form to be distributed into all parts of the body.

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Why is hormone production important in bones?

bones release osteocalcin which helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure

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What is a sesmoid?

embedded in tendons protecting them from stress and wear.

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name 4 types of bone shape

-long
-short
-flat
-irregular

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What is the appendicular skeleton?

compromises of the lower and upper extremeties.

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Describe the structure of compact bone

-smooth
-solid

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Describe the function of compact bone

-provides resistance
-makes RBC as it contains red marrow and trabculae

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Describe the structure of spongy tissue

-trabeculae-flat spongy pieces, bones spines
-open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow

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Describe the function of spongy bone

-allow bones to be less dense
-allows for RBC formation
-puts up with the stress and strains of the bone

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Where would you find the diaphysis

middle of the bone, its the main structure

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Where would you find the epiphysis?

End of the bone, articulate cartilage that covers the joints

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What is the epiphyseal line?

-growth plate
-a disk of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood lengthening the bones.

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Name the parts involved in the gross anatomy of the bone

-proximal and distal epiphysis
-diaphysis
-articular cartilage
-spongy bone
-epiphyseal line
-periosteum
-compact bone
-medullary cavity

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What is the periosteum?

the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wrap around your bones

-connected to bone by sharpey fibres
-lots of collogen fibres

What is the medullary cavity?

The hollow part of the bone containing bone marrow

Describe the gross anatomy of the periosteum

-yellow bone marrow
-red bone marrow
-periosteum
-sharpey’s fibres

What are the two layers in the periosteum?

-fibrous layer -osteogenic layer

What is the osteogenic layer of the peristeum?

rich in blood cells and acts as a source of bone cells

what is the function of the endosteum?

-supply osteoclasts which remove some of the inner bone as they grow to maintain a similar level of thickness. -lines the canals that pass throught the compact bone -covers trabeculae of spongy bone

Describe the function of osteoclasts

-remodel or remove cells -pushes the ruffles edge against material -releases enzymes to dissolve the bone

Function of osteoblast?

building cell

Function of osteocyte?

-helps control the function of blast and clast cells -sensory network for the stresses and strains on the bone

Function of bone lining cells

Squamous cells communication with osteocytes

List the microscopic structures of compact bone

-Haversian system (osteon) -periosteum -volkmann's canal -Haversian canal -Canaliculi -osteocytes -lacuna -artery -vein -nerve fibre

Main features of dense bone

-lacuna with osteocytes (black ovals) -interstitial llamelae (fluid)

Function of volkmanns cannal

allows blood vessesl and nerves to enter the haversian canal

Structure and function of osteons

-thick lamellar rings-provide ridigty and mechanical support and strength -protect vascular supply via nutrient canal -collagen fibres offer resistance in different directions for twisting and bending

How are canaliculi formed?

1- osteoblasts secrete bone matrix 2-maintain close contact with esch other and other bone cells 3-mature osteocytes develop as matrix calcifies

What are canaliculi?

-hair cannals connecting lacunae to each other and central cananals

what are crystals of hydroxyapatite?

calcium phosphate- not very strong in crystalin form, need a lattice of bone matrix and collagen fibres to support them

structure of spongy bone

-no osteon -irregulary arranged lamellae -osteocytes interconncted by canaliculi

Main features of the synovial joints

-joint cavity containing synovial fluid -articular cartilage -inner synovial membrane -outer fiborous layer

Structure of outer fiborous layer in the synovial joint

-lots of interlocking collogen fibres in all directions for strength

Features of the synovial fluid

-contains lubricin -contains HCl -Contains macrophages- control,engulf , destroy

How does the articular cartilage get its nutrients in the synovial joints?

-synovial fluid secreted by the synocial membrane provides a rich network of blood vessels providing nutrients to the AC

Name 6 types of synovial joints

-ball and socket joint -hinge joint -saddle joint -pivot joint -gliding joint -condyloid joint

List the synovial joint accesory structures

-bursae -fat pads -ligaments and tendons -menisci

What are bursae?

synovial pouches fill of synovial fluid

Function of bursae

allow bone structures to move against each other without grinding the bones and joints protecting them. -protection in tight sections of the body allowing smooth movement -eg in shoulders and knee

Function of fat pads

-found around the synovial joint -store fat- made of adipose tissue highly sensitive, highly vascularised

structure of ligaments

-dense connective tissue -lots of collogen fibres

function of ligaments

-support synovial capsule- help prevent knee dislocation /lateral sliding -holds bones together and supports joints

function of the menisci

-provides increased stability to the femorotibial articualtion -distribure axial load -absorb shock -provides lubrication to knee joint

Menisci structure

c-shaped pad of cartilage in the knee

Structure and function of tendon sheaths

-semitubules that wrap around the tendons. -allows tendons to smoothly move against each other -protective and malleable sheath