Female reproductive system

Question 1

What are the functions of the female RS?

Answer 1

-formation of ova
-reception of sperm
-provision of suitable environment for fertilisation and fetal development
-childbirth
-lactation

Question 2

Whats the function of the ovaries?

Answer 2

-produce female sex hormones and ova
-contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity
-follicle maturation stimulated by FSH and oestrogen
-ovulation triggered by LH- ovum released every 28 days

Question 3

What are the two parts of the fallopian tubes?

Answer 3

fallopian tubes/ uterine tubes/ oviducts
-fimbriae

Question 4

Describe the structure of the fallopian tubes/uterine tubes and oviducts

Answer 4

-first of 3 organs that form female duct system
-each tube is about 10cm long
-after ovulation the ovum is moved towards the fimbriae

Question 5

Describe the structure and function of fimbriae

Answer 5

-have cilliated finger like projections at ovarian end

-cilia on fimbriae and lining oviducts beat gently to guid the egg towards the uterus

Question 6

Where does fertilization happen?

Answer 6

ampulla

(takes 5 days to reach the uterus)

Question 7

whats the role of the uterine tubes?

Answer 7

move ovum from ovary to uterus by peristalis and cillary movement
-ferilisation site

Question 8

name the 3 layers in the uterine pelvic cavity

Answer 8

-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium

Question 9

Define menstrual cycle

Answer 9

collective cyclical change occurs within the ovaries and uterus over approx 28 days

day 1-first day of menstrual flow

change in maturation of follicles-ovarian cycle

change in uterus- uterine cycle

Question 10

descibe menstruation days 1-5

Answer 10

-50-150mls
-endometrium lost to basal layer

Question 11

describe ovulation day 14 and secretion days 15-28

Answer 11

-spiral arteries tortous
-receptor cells secrete glycogen

Question 12

Describe proliferation days 4-13

Answer 12

-growth of endometrium
-spiral arteries
-tubular glands
-vascular mucosa
-receptor cells promed
-degeneration- no progestrone
-blood supply cut
-lysosome released
-autodigestive

Question 13

list the two phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 13

follicular phase
luteal phase

Question 14

Describe the events that occur during the follicular phase

Answer 14

-day 1 until ovulation
-ovarian follicles develop from promordial cells to graafian follicles due to FSH influence
-developing follicles release increased amounts of oestrogen
increased oestrogen cause an LH surge-stimulates ovulation

Question 15

Describe the events that occur during the luteal phase

Answer 15

-day of ovulation-rupture of follicle to release egg until day before menstrual flow begins
-Lh surge causes development of the corpus luteum that secretes progestrone
-corpus luteum degenerates 10 days after ovulation if no pregnancy event

Question 16

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

Answer 16

-mestrual phase
-proliferative phase
-secretory phase

Question 17

Describe the events that occur in the menstrual phase

Answer 17

1-5 days
-ovarian hormones are at lowest levels in the cycle
-functional part of the endometrium breaks down and is sloughed
-passes out of body through cervix and vagina as mentrual flow

Question 18

Describe the events that occur during the proliferative phase

Answer 18

-day 6
-blood vessels and glands that form the endometrium regenerate due to increasing amounts of oestrogen from the developing follicle

Question 19

Describe the events that occur in the uterine phase

Answer 19

-15-28 days
-endometrial gland secrete glycogen and vascularisation of the endometrium continues

-changes caused by an increased progestrone levels by the corpus luteum

-no fertilization= degeneration of the corpus luteum, progestrone decreases

-decreasing progestrone, decreases blood supply to endometrial cells, cells die, endometrium breaks down and menstrual flow restarts

Question 20

FSH
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?

Answer 20

source- anterior pituitary
stimulus-GnRH
p-stimulate maturation of ovarian follicle
s-stimulates production of oestrogen

Question 21

LH
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?

Answer 21

source-anterior pituitary
stimulus-GnRH
p-stimulate maturation of ovarian follicles, ovulation
s-stimulates production of oestrogen and progestrone

Question 22

Oestrogen
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?

Answer 22

source-developing follicles and corpus luteum, after 6 weeks of pregnancy, placenta

stimulus-FSH, LH

p-growth and maturation of reproductive organs and breasts, promote proliferative phase, facilitates oogenesis, stimulates capacitation of sperm, stimulates growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy

s-promotes long bone growth and feminisation of the skeleton, inhibits bone reabsorption, promotes female pattern of fat deposit

Question 23

progestrone
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?

Answer 23

source-corpus luteum, after six weeks of pregnancy, placenta

stimulus-LH

p-facilitates breast growth, promotes secretory phase, during pregnancy quiets the myometrium and enhances the ability of mammary glands to produce milk, increase body temp

Question 24

name 6 hormones produced during pregnancy

Answer 24

-human chorionic gonadotropin HCG
-oestrogen
-progestrone
-prolactin
-relaxin
-oxytocin

Question 25

Whats the role of HCG in pregnancy?

Answer 25

-acts like LH
-maintains corpus luteum and preventing menstruation normally corpus luteum atrophies

Question 26

Whats the role of oestrogen in pregnancy?

Answer 26

-myometrial hypertopht, external genitalia enlargement
-softening of pelvic ligaments

Question 27

Whats the role of progesterone in pregnancy?

Answer 27

-proliferation of endometrium
-inhibition of uterine contractions
-development of alveoli in mammary glands

Question 28

Whats the role of prolactin in pregnancy?

Answer 28

milk production when oestrogen falls after parturtion
-inhibits FSH release and ovulaiton after partuation

Question 29

Whats the role of relaxin in pregnancy?

Answer 29

production of the flexibility of tissues

Question 30

Whats the role of oxytocin in pregnancy?

Answer 30

for uterine contractions during labour

Question 31

list the developmental stages of pregnancy

Answer 31

-zygote-gamete fusion

-morula-clump of cells undergoing mitosis

-blastocyst-day 4-20 inner cell mas to bilaminar disc

-embryo-day 21-56 from somites through organogenesis

-fetus-week 9 to birth

Question 32

Describe what happens during fertilisation

Answer 32

1-sperm+egg=fertilisation
2-sperm penetrates corona radiata and the zona pellucida
3-need many sperm to release enough enzyme from the acrosome to penetrate the egg
4-depolarisation of cell membrane of fertilized egg and release of Ca2+ ions to prevent polyspermy

Question 33

describe the events of fertilisation after cell membrane depolarisation

Answer 33

5-sperm acrosome secrete enzymes that digest the zona pellucida of egg
6-sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg and enters the cell
7-genetic info of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus to complete fertilization
8-zygote formed

Question 34

describe the role of the uterus in pregnancy

Answer 34

-zygote in endometrium
-nourished by uterine secretions until placenta established
-placenta sectretes progestrone-prevents contractions
-after 40 weeks oestrogen and oxytocin promote uterine contractions