Female reproductive system Flashcards
What are the functions of the female RS?
-formation of ova
-reception of sperm
-provision of suitable environment for fertilisation and fetal development
-childbirth
-lactation
Whats the function of the ovaries?
-produce female sex hormones and ova
-contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity
-follicle maturation stimulated by FSH and oestrogen
-ovulation triggered by LH- ovum released every 28 days
What are the two parts of the fallopian tubes?
fallopian tubes/ uterine tubes/ oviducts
-fimbriae
Describe the structure of the fallopian tubes/uterine tubes and oviducts
-first of 3 organs that form female duct system
-each tube is about 10cm long
-after ovulation the ovum is moved towards the fimbriae
Describe the structure and function of fimbriae
-have cilliated finger like projections at ovarian end
-cilia on fimbriae and lining oviducts beat gently to guid the egg towards the uterus
Where does fertilization happen?
ampulla
(takes 5 days to reach the uterus)
whats the role of the uterine tubes?
move ovum from ovary to uterus by peristalis and cillary movement
-ferilisation site
name the 3 layers in the uterine pelvic cavity
-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium
Define menstrual cycle
collective cyclical change occurs within the ovaries and uterus over approx 28 days
day 1-first day of menstrual flow
change in maturation of follicles-ovarian cycle
change in uterus- uterine cycle
descibe menstruation days 1-5
-50-150mls
-endometrium lost to basal layer
describe ovulation day 14 and secretion days 15-28
-spiral arteries tortous
-receptor cells secrete glycogen
Describe proliferation days 4-13
-growth of endometrium
-spiral arteries
-tubular glands
-vascular mucosa
-receptor cells promed
-degeneration- no progestrone
-blood supply cut
-lysosome released
-autodigestive
list the two phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase
luteal phase
Describe the events that occur during the follicular phase
-day 1 until ovulation
-ovarian follicles develop from promordial cells to graafian follicles due to FSH influence
-developing follicles release increased amounts of oestrogen
increased oestrogen cause an LH surge-stimulates ovulation
Describe the events that occur during the luteal phase
-day of ovulation-rupture of follicle to release egg until day before menstrual flow begins
-Lh surge causes development of the corpus luteum that secretes progestrone
-corpus luteum degenerates 10 days after ovulation if no pregnancy event
What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?
-mestrual phase
-proliferative phase
-secretory phase
Describe the events that occur in the menstrual phase
1-5 days
-ovarian hormones are at lowest levels in the cycle
-functional part of the endometrium breaks down and is sloughed
-passes out of body through cervix and vagina as mentrual flow
Describe the events that occur during the proliferative phase
-day 6
-blood vessels and glands that form the endometrium regenerate due to increasing amounts of oestrogen from the developing follicle
Describe the events that occur in the uterine phase
-15-28 days
-endometrial gland secrete glycogen and vascularisation of the endometrium continues
-changes caused by an increased progestrone levels by the corpus luteum
-no fertilization= degeneration of the corpus luteum, progestrone decreases
-decreasing progestrone, decreases blood supply to endometrial cells, cells die, endometrium breaks down and menstrual flow restarts
FSH
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?
source- anterior pituitary
stimulus-GnRH
p-stimulate maturation of ovarian follicle
s-stimulates production of oestrogen
LH
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?
source-anterior pituitary
stimulus-GnRH
p-stimulate maturation of ovarian follicles, ovulation
s-stimulates production of oestrogen and progestrone
Oestrogen
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?
source-developing follicles and corpus luteum, after 6 weeks of pregnancy, placenta
stimulus-FSH, LH
p-growth and maturation of reproductive organs and breasts, promote proliferative phase, facilitates oogenesis, stimulates capacitation of sperm, stimulates growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
s-promotes long bone growth and feminisation of the skeleton, inhibits bone reabsorption, promotes female pattern of fat deposit
progestrone
source,stimulus, primary effect, secondary effect?
source-corpus luteum, after six weeks of pregnancy, placenta
stimulus-LH
p-facilitates breast growth, promotes secretory phase, during pregnancy quiets the myometrium and enhances the ability of mammary glands to produce milk, increase body temp
name 6 hormones produced during pregnancy
-human chorionic gonadotropin HCG
-oestrogen
-progestrone
-prolactin
-relaxin
-oxytocin
Whats the role of HCG in pregnancy?
-acts like LH
-maintains corpus luteum and preventing menstruation normally corpus luteum atrophies
Whats the role of oestrogen in pregnancy?
-myometrial hypertopht, external genitalia enlargement
-softening of pelvic ligaments
Whats the role of progesterone in pregnancy?
-proliferation of endometrium
-inhibition of uterine contractions
-development of alveoli in mammary glands
Whats the role of prolactin in pregnancy?
milk production when oestrogen falls after parturtion
-inhibits FSH release and ovulaiton after partuation
Whats the role of relaxin in pregnancy?
production of the flexibility of tissues
Whats the role of oxytocin in pregnancy?
for uterine contractions during labour
list the developmental stages of pregnancy
-zygote-gamete fusion
-morula-clump of cells undergoing mitosis
-blastocyst-day 4-20 inner cell mas to bilaminar disc
-embryo-day 21-56 from somites through organogenesis
-fetus-week 9 to birth
Describe what happens during fertilisation
1-sperm+egg=fertilisation
2-sperm penetrates corona radiata and the zona pellucida
3-need many sperm to release enough enzyme from the acrosome to penetrate the egg
4-depolarisation of cell membrane of fertilized egg and release of Ca2+ ions to prevent polyspermy
describe the events of fertilisation after cell membrane depolarisation
5-sperm acrosome secrete enzymes that digest the zona pellucida of egg
6-sperm binds to plasma membrane of egg and enters the cell
7-genetic info of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus to complete fertilization
8-zygote formed
describe the role of the uterus in pregnancy
-zygote in endometrium
-nourished by uterine secretions until placenta established
-placenta sectretes progestrone-prevents contractions
-after 40 weeks oestrogen and oxytocin promote uterine contractions
