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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define inflammation

A

The body’s response to tisssue injury, creaating an environment for restoration and repair

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2
Q

What type of response is inflammation?

A

non specific immune response

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3
Q

In simple terms what is the definition of non specific immune response?

A

the same response will happen no matter the injury.

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4
Q

What are some functions of inflammation?

A

-limits the spread of pathogens or destroys them outright
-removes any cell debris ad pathogens from damaged tissue
-sets the stage for tissue repair
-alerts the adaptive immune system to the threat of infection

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5
Q

Where does inflammation of tissues arise?

A

The connective tissue

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6
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

-heat
-redness
-swelling
-pain

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7
Q

Describe the cardinal sign of heat

A

-hyperemia (increased blood flow) results in more heat being transported by the blood to the affected area

-this is important because heat increases the metabolic rate of cells and this leads to faster repair process.

-heat inhibts migration of some bacteria which arrests infection

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8
Q

Describe the cardinal sign of redness

A

-caused by vasodilation of nearby blood vessels and hyperemia to the area

-this is important as increased blood flow to the area means more WBC and chemicals important in inflammation are delivered to the injury site for tissue repair

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9
Q

Describe the cardinal sign of swelling

A

-increased permeability of blood vessels results in more fluid leaking from cappilaries into the interstial space

swelling may limit movement of the injury site which may enhance speed of repair

increased fluid may prevent further possible injury to surrounding tissue

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10
Q

what is the interstital space?

A

space between tissue and cells

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11
Q

describe the cardinal sign of pain

A

certain chemicals released from cells stimulate local nerve endings-localised pain

-pain can kimit the movement of the site injury which might promote faster repair

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12
Q

what is Step one of inflammation?

A

-chemical alarm
-large number ofinflammatory chemicals being released from stressed/damaged cells

mast cells generate the alarm releasing chemicals such as:
histamines, complement, kinins, prostaglandins

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13
Q

Why are histamines released?

A

vasodilation
increased permeability of blood vessels
actives local pain receptors

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14
Q

why are kinins released?

A

vasodilation
increased permebaility of blood vessels

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15
Q

why are prostaglandins released?

A

intensify histamine and kinin effect
-released by mast cells
-causes vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability

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16
Q

why are leukotrienes released?

A

increased permeability of blood vessels phagocytic attachment

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17
Q

what is step 2 of inflammation?

A

-phagocytosis

18
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

increase in the number of circulating white blood cells in the blood

19
Q

Why does leukocytosis happen?

A

as a result of leukocytosis inducing factors being released from injured cells which stimulates neutrophils to be released from red bone marrow.

20
Q

What is margination?

A

refer to the action of phagocytes clinging to the inner walls of blood cappilaries

21
Q

Describe the procces of margination

A

-inflammed endothelial cells send out chemicals called cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

-neutrophils come across CAMS they slow down and briefly bind them to tissues-long enough for them to become activated

-they too then send out CAMS allowing them to bind tightly to endothelial cells

22
Q

describe diapedesis

A

continued chemical signalling encourages neutrophils to flatterm amd squeeze through the endothelial cells of the cappilary wall

23
Q

describe chemostaxis

A

various inflammatory chemicals signal to neutrophils and other WBC to move toward the site of injury

-known as chemotactic agents

24
Q

what are the four phases of mobilising phagocytes

A

-leukocytosis-increased neutrophil production
-margination-pavementing
-diapedesis-amoeboid movement
-chemotaxis of WBC-neutrophils-rapid arrival
monocytes-slower arrival

25
Q

what happens after the phagocyte is mobilised?

A

monocytes follow neutrophils to the injury site

26
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

-produce a large quantity of lysosomes which turn into macrophages which are very efficent phagocytes

27
Q

what is the role of macrophages?

A

-disposal of remaining pathogens, dead tissue, debris

-leaves injury site ready for tissue repair and wound healing

28
Q

what is pus?

A

a mix of dead or dying neutrophils, dead tissue cells and living or dead pathogens

29
Q

What are the three key stages in the inflammatory response?

A

-vasodilation
-emigration of phagocytes
-tissue repair

30
Q

Why are bradykinin released?

A

released from blood plasmsa when it enters the interstitial space

-causes vasodilation, increased cappilary permeability, activates and sensities local pain receptor

31
Q

What us the role of chemokines?

A

attract neutrophils to injury site

32
Q

define oedoma

A

tissue fluid retention, excessive build up of tissue fluids in the interstital space

33
Q

define vasodilation

A

relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels causing their lumen to increase in size.

An increase in the cross sectional area of the blood vessel

34
Q

define endothelium

A

a type of simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of blood vessels of lymphatic vessels as well as the heart and other fluid containing body cavities

35
Q

Define monocytes

A

a large white phagocytic blood cell (leukocyte) that circulates in the blood. they transform into macrophages when they enter most body tissue

36
Q

what is the complement system?

A

a system of chemical helpers that supports the defensive mechanisms

-chemical precursors circulate in the blood and convert to active complement molecules when they leave leaky cappilaries and interact with invading organisms such as bacteria

37
Q

What happens at the beggining of the tissue repair phase?

A

-macrophage number reduces the level of inflammatory mediators subsides

-fibroblasts proliferate and produce collagen fibres to stabilise and close the wound

38
Q

define chronic inflammation

A

a prolonged tissue response lasting from weeks to months where inflammation, tissue necrosis and tissue repair processes occur simultaneously

39
Q

What are some causes of chronic inflammation?

A

-persistant infection from invading species that are resistant to the human immune system

-chronic irritation due to prolonged exposure to toxic agents such as chemical irritants

-repeated episodes of acute inflammation

-immune mediated inflammatory diseases such as allergies

40
Q

describe the relationship between cute and chronic inflammation. Are neutrophils involved?

A

neutrophils are first responders to accute inflam however chronic inflam neutrophils are either beneficial or detrimental causing tissue damage and enhancing immune response.

Foundations of Healthcare Science (20 decks)

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