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Foundations of Healthcare Science > The integumentary system > Flashcards

The integumentary system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name some organisms found in skin microbiome

A

-bacteria, yeast, fungi, multicellular organisms, viral particle

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2
Q

What are the main layers of the skin?

A

-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis

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3
Q

what are the four main cell types found in the epidermis?

A

-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-merkel cells
-dendritic cells

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4
Q

Function of keratinocytes

A

-produce keratin
-main cell types
-deep in epidermis

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5
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

-deepest layer of epidermis
-secrete melanin
(melanin is a protective pigment that acts as a sunscreen for keratinocytes)

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6
Q

Function of merkel cells

A

-specialised sensory cells
-light touch

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7
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

-ingest invaders and foreign materials
-activate immune defences of body

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8
Q

Name the epidermal layers

A

-startum corneum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

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9
Q

Fuction of stratum basale

A

-stem cells that reproduce
-produce melanin and decorate keratinocytes with the pigment
-merkel cells are also here

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10
Q

function of the stratum spinosum

A

keratinocytes join together as a sheet by producing proteins on the surface
-keratinocytes have begun to differentiate

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11
Q

Structure and function of stratum granulosum

A

-thin
-start to specialse
-flattern out and accumulate keratin and lammellae granuels (glycolipids)
-helps keratinocyts become waterproof

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12
Q

structure and function of stratum corneum

A

-keratinocytes become full with keratin and lammelae granueles
-cells within this layer are cornified so they die
-they are water, mechanically, chemically resistant

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13
Q

order the epidermal layers from bottom to top.

A

-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum corneum

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14
Q

Why do cells slough off?

A

-protective feature of the skin to get rid of multicellular organisms
-normal part of skin regeneration

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15
Q

Name features found in the dermis

A

-collagen
-elastic fibres
-blood vessels
-nerve endings
-sweat glands
-hair follicles

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16
Q

Name the layers of the dermis

A

-dermal papilla
-papillary layer
-rectiular layer

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17
Q

what is the recticular layer of the dermis?

A

strong thick bundles of collagen

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18
Q

what is the function of dermal papilla in the dermis?

A

enhance sense of fine touch
increases the surface area

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19
Q

structure of the papillary layer of the dermis

A

modified areolar connective tissue

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20
Q

Name some functions of the skin

A

-protection from infection
-protection from dehydration and chemicals
-protection from physical damage
-temperature regulation
-sectretion
-cutaneous secretion

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21
Q

List some features involved in temperature regulation in the skin.

A

-subpapillary plexus
-sweat pore
-eccrine sweat gland
-arrector pilli muscle
-hair root
-cutaneous plexus (blood supply)
-adipose tissue

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22
Q

what does the arrector pili muscle do?

A

consists of a small band of smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the basement membrane.

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23
Q

What are the three parts of the skin involved in secretion?

A

-apocrine gland
-anogenital
-axillary

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24
Q

function of free nerve endings im cutaneous sensation

A

respond to damage of the skin.
sense temperature and a vague sense of touch

25
Q

Function of hair plexus in cutaneous sensation

A

-sensory
-tells us what is happening to hairs on the surface of skin

26
Q

Function of pacinian corpuscle in cutaneous sensation

A

respond to vibration, pressure sensing in the skin

27
Q

What does the sensory homunculus image show us?

A

the distribution of nerve endings in the body

28
Q

list some non verbal communication of the skin

A

-blushing
-pheromones
-body odor
-stress odor

29
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

30
Q

What is the structure of the stratum lucidum?

A

-clear liquid
-thin, translucent band
-2-3 layers
-flat and dead keratinocytes

31
Q

What is skin colour affected by?

A

-haemoglobin
-melanin
-carotene

32
Q

Why is melanin produced?

A

To protect keratinocytes

33
Q

Name some abnormal colourations of the skin

A

-cyanosis- poor circulation
-jaundice
-pallor
-albinism
-haematoma

34
Q

How does scaring of the skin form?

A

1-fibroblasts lay down framework of fibres to replace damaged tissue
2-irregular arrangement of fibres
3-hair follicles/ sweat glands dont regenerate
4-irregular fibre framework-different blood vessel patterns

35
Q

define haemostasis

A

-a protective response to the rupture of blood vessels.

36
Q

What does haemostasis prevent?

A

-excess blood loss and is a precursor for tissue repair
-limits excessive bleeding following an injury
-localised protective respose

37
Q

What are the three stages of haemostasis?

A

1-vascular spasm
2-formation of the platlet plug
3-coagulation

38
Q

what is the function of the eccrine gland?

A

temp control
antibacterial properties

39
Q

What is the function of aprocrine glands?

A

sexual scent gland

40
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous gland?

A

-antibacterial propeties
-help prevent water loss
-lubricate skin and hair

41
Q

What is the name of the process in which eccrine glands secrete?

A

merocrine/exocytosis

42
Q

Name the secretion process by aprocrine sweat glands

A

merocrine/exocytosis

43
Q

Name the proccess in which sebaceous glands secrete?

A

holocrine

44
Q

What does the ecrrine gland secrete?

A

hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma

45
Q

What does the apocrine gland secrete?

A

filtrate of blood plasma with added proteins and fatty substances

46
Q

What does the sebaceous gland secrete?

A

sebum

47
Q

What happens during the first stage of haemostasis- vascular spasm?

A

narrowing of the arteries caused by a persistant contraction of blood vessels- vasoconstriction.

-Reduces blood flow through the artery sending less oxygen to nearby tissues

48
Q

What happens in the second phase of haemostasis-platelet plug formation?

A

-platelet adhesion
-platelet activation
-platelt aggregation

Endothelial cells release nitric oxide and a prostocyclin preventing platelet aggregation.

as more platelets aggregate they release more chemicals aggregating more platlets ect…

49
Q

What happens in the final stage of haemostasis-coagulation?

A

lead to the formation of prothrombin activator.
intrisic responds to internal damage of the vascular endothelium
extrinsic-is activated secondary to extensive trauma

reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads acting as a molecular glue.

50
Q

what are the stages of soft tissue repair?

A

-haematoma
-scab formation
-granulation phase
-regenerating and remodelling phase

51
Q

What happens during the haematoma and scab formation in soft tissue repair?

A

-Trauma causes injured cells (mast,tissue) to realese inflammatory chemicals
-inflam chemicals make local blood vessels leaky allowing white blood cells,fluid,clottimg proteins to seep into injured area
clotting seals injury preventing bacteria entering
-scab forms

52
Q

What happens during the granulation phase of soft tissue repair?

A

-clot replaced by ingrowth of fragile cappilaries restoring vascular supply

-fibroblasts multiply and produce growth factors and collagen fibres that bridge the gap, when completed fibroblasts undergo apoptosis-die

-macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells
-surface epithelial cells multiply and begin to migrate over granulation tissue

53
Q

What happens during the remoddeling and regenerating of soft tissue repair?

A

-fibrosed area matures and contracts pulling together margins of the wound.

-as it regenerates the epithelium thickens under the scab-detached

-a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying area of scar may be visible.

54
Q

what are the four stages of bone healing?

A

-haematoma
-soft callous
-hard callous
-remodelling

55
Q

What happens during the haematoma phase of bone repair?

A

-blood vessels in the periosteum are torn when a bone breaks

-forms hemorage blood clots form a haemotoma, bones are deprived of nutrition and die.
-tissues become swollen, painful or inflamed.

56
Q

What happens during soft callous formation of bones?

A

-new blood vessels grow into the clot. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts invade the fracture site.
fibroblasts produce collogen fibres that connect bone ends.
chondroblasts secrete a catilaginous matrix that bulges and calcifies forming a fibrocartilaginous callus.
-repairs the soft tissue.

57
Q

What happens during hard callous repair during bone healing?

A

-osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone.
-osteoblasts begin to lay down trabeculae of new bone around and within the fibrocartilaginous callus.
-trabeculae span the width of the callus uniting the two fragments of broken bone.
-gradually the fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by immature bone converting it to bony callus.
-process repeats the events of endochondral ossification

58
Q

What happens during the remodelling of the bone?

A

-after the bony callus is remodelled
-the excess material on the diaphysis exterior and within the medullary cavity is removed.
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls.
-repsonds to the same set of mechanical stressors.

Foundations of Healthcare Science (30 decks)

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