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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall role of the NS?

A

-monitors the internal and external environment
-process this information
-direct behaviour and body processes

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2
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

-wide variety of neuronal subtypes
-complex physiology
-function in networks
-processing information, generating an output

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3
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

-local concentrations of neurotransmitters

-supply nutrients

-support/guide neuronal development

-sabilise neuronal network

-improve communication speeds

-provide immunological defence

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4
Q

Name the two conceptual divisions

A

anatomical
functional

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5
Q

Name the anatomical divisions of the CNS

A

brain
spinal cords

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6
Q

Name the divisions in the PNS

A

cranical nerves
spinal nerves

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7
Q

What is a ganglia ?

A

part of peripheral nervous system, collection of neuronal cell bodies

example- dorsal root ganglion

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8
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

-voluntary motor nerve fibres
-conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscels

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9
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

-involuntary motor nerve fibres
-conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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10
Q

How complex is the brain?

A

84 billion neurons
86 billion non neurons
cerebellum is 50%
some neurones 100-300k connections

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11
Q

Name the divisions in the sensory PNS afferent

A

somatic sensory pathway
autonomic sensory pathway

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12
Q

Name the divisions in the motor PNS efferent

A

somatic motor pathway
autonomic motor pathways

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13
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

surround neuron cell bodies located in the PNS

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14
Q

Whats the function of dendrites?

A

recieve information from other neurons called pre synaptic neurons or environment

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15
Q

Define the function of the soma/cell body

A

-contains genetic info
-maintain neuron structure
-provide energy

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16
Q

define the function of the axon hillock

A

processes the incoming signals from other neurons

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17
Q

Define the function of terminal branches

A

change electrical impulses or action potential within a neuron into chemical messages in the form of neurotransmitters.

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18
Q

Name the types of neuroglia

A

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglial cells

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19
Q

Name some key components of the meninges

A

-skull bone
-brain

-venous sinus
-arachnoid vilus
-pia matter
-subarachnoid space
-cranial dura matter

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20
Q

What are the layers of the cranial dura matter?

A

-Periosteal layer
-meningeal layer
-arachnoid matter

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21
Q

Name the ventricles of the brain

A

-arachnoid granulations
-lateral ventricles
-3rd ventricle
-choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
-4th ventricle
-choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle
-central canal of spinal cord

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22
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

-choroid plexuses tissues of brain

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23
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

-protective medium for brain
-nutritive- glucose
-removal of metabolites (urea,lactate)
-provide stablie ionic environment

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24
Q

Name the main gyri and sulci of the brain

A

-pre-central gyrus
-central sulcus
-post central gyrus
-lateral sulcus

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25
Q

Whats the funtion of gyri and sulculi?

A

-folding of cerebral cortex
-segregates the brain areas and enhances the surface area and cognitive abilities of the brain
-establishes the borders between the brain lobes

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26
Q

Describe grey brain matter

A

-neurons
-glial cells
-blood vessels
-no major long fibre tracts

27
Q

Describe white matter of the brain

A

-fibre tracts
-information highway
-connects different areas of the brain
-sensory and motor pathways
-ascending/descending
-tract to rest of NS

28
Q

What pia matter of the meninges?

A

-protects the NS by containing CSF and cushioning the brain and spine

29
Q

Describe the function of the arachnoid layer

A

involved in CSF metabolism via the subarachnoid space

-sits between the dura and pia-avascular membrane

30
Q

Whats the dura matter?

A

-surrounds, supports and protects the CNS
-thick and fiborous

31
Q

What are the three key fibre pathways that stem from white matter?

A

-corpus collosum
-internal capsule
-association fibres

32
Q

Whats the function of the corpus collosum?

A

connects the right and left hemispheres

33
Q

Whats the function of the internal capsule?

A

connects higher cortical areas to lower brain and spinal cord

34
Q

Whats the function of association fibres?

A

connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere

35
Q

List the main lobes of the brain

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe
-brain stem
-cerebellum

36
Q

Whats the function of the frontal lobe?

A

-planning, emotion, mood, behaviour, smell and motor function

37
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

touch,pain,temp sensation

38
Q

Whats the function of the temporal lobe?

A

-hearing
-language
-memory

39
Q

Whats the function of occipital lobe?

A

vision

40
Q

Whats the function of the cerebellum?

A

balance and coordination

41
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

a cluster of cappilaries enclosed via the PM then by ependymal cells- type of glial cells, each ventricle produces CSF

42
Q

What is the function of the insula of the brain?

A

-concious awareness
-gustation
-cognitive emotional processing
-audio-visual integration
-interoception (autonomic sensory monitoring)
-homeostatic error detection

43
Q

Whats the structure and function of the brainstem?

A

-midbrain,pons and medulla oblongata
-ascending/descending nerve tracts
-cranical nerve origin
-contains recticular formation

-conciousness,sleep,gaze centre, modulation of pain, regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular system

44
Q

Whats the structure of the cerebellum?

A

-two hemispheres which are connected by the vermis, a narrow midline area

-consists of grey and white matter

45
Q

Whats the structure and function of recticular formation?

A

-a diffuse-net like formation of recticular nuclei

46
Q

Name some specific functional areas of the brain

A

-motor cortex somatic
-Brocas area
-auditory cortex
-sensory cortex
-visual cortex
-wernicke’s area

47
Q

Whats the function of the motor cortex somatic?

A

-motor control of skeletal muscles

48
Q

Whats the function of Brocas area?

A

-motor control of speech
-speech planning( stutter)
-motor planning
-language output area

49
Q

Whats the function of the auditory cortex?

A

-pitch, loudness, location
-auditory memory/ sound recognition

50
Q

Whats the function of the sensory cortex?

A

-input from skin
-input from propioreceptors
-spatial discrimination

51
Q

Whats the finction of the visual cortex?

A

mapping visual input
visual recognition

52
Q

Whats the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

-language
-reading or listening
-recognition of words
-association with menaings
-context

53
Q

Whats the language loop model?

A

1-visual cortex
2-brocas
3-wernickes

54
Q

Define somatotopy

A

body maps onto brains surface

55
Q

Describe the motor homunculus

A

-a representation of the body parts and its correspondence along the precentral gyrus of the fronal lobe

56
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

a representation of the body parts along the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

57
Q

What is the solar plexus?

A

makes up part of the prevertebral complex

58
Q

What is the sympathetic postganglionic transmitter?

A

noraepinephrine

59
Q

whats the way to remember the PSNS VS SNS?

A

P- rest and digest
S-fight or flight

60
Q

What are the 4 main nuclei involved in the brain stem control of CO?

A

-solitary nucleus
-pressor area- sympathetic
-nucleus ambiguous
-depressor area-inhibition

61
Q

what are the 3 main nucei involved in the brain stem control of respiratory function?

A

-pontine nulei
-ventral respiratory group
-dorsal respiratory group

also recieves input from solitary nucleus

62
Q

describe the relationship between the adrenal gland and SNS

A

stress triggers the sympathetic nervous system, promting the adrenal glands to release catecholamines

After the amygdala sends a distress signal, the hypothalamus activates the SNS by sending signals through the autonomic nerves to adrenal glands

63
Q

describe the vague nerve in autonomic control

A

-input of sensory ( stretch chemoreception) information from:
lungs,bladder, circulation system, digestive tract

adjustments made via ANS effectors

64
Q

decribe the cerebral cortex in autonomic control

A

1- cerebral cortex
2-limbic system -emotional input
3-hypothalamus-overall integration of ANS
4-brain stem-regulates pupil size, BP, airflow
5-spinal cord-reflexes for urination, defecation

Foundations of Healthcare Science (30 decks)

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