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Foundations of Healthcare Science > The Respiratory system > Flashcards

The Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Name some functions of the respiratory system

A

-humidifying and filtering air
-special sense smell- olfaction
-protection and defence
-speech/phonation
-pulmonary ventilation
-maintains blood PH by regulating acid-base balance of blood
-endocrine functions
-gas exchange between lungs and blood supporting gas exchange between blood and tissues

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2
Q

Name the key parts of the upper and lower respiratory tracts

A

upper
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx

lower
-trachea
-airways
-lungs

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3
Q

What are some examples of upper and lower tract infections?

A

u-common cold l-bronchitis
u-sinusitis l-bronchiolitis
u-tonsilitis l-chest infection
u-laryngitis l-pneumonia

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4
Q

structure of the nose

A

-nasal cavity is connected to several paranasal sinus cavities in cranial bone

-like other orifices the cavities are lined with highly vascular mucosal membrane made of ciliated columnar epithelial cells

-mucus contains lysozyme-antimicrobial enzyme thats part of the innate immune system

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5
Q

function of the nose

A

-air enters nostrils into nasal cavity of the septum
-network of veins warms the air
-glands in and under the mucosa produce mucus which moistens air and traps debris and bacteria
-cilia move mucus towards the pharynx
-olfactory receptos are stimulated by chemicals in the air-brain interprets these as smells

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6
Q

Give some examples of how the structure and function of the nose expains conditions such as
-runny nose
-sinus headache
-nose bleeds
-poor sleep

A

-runny nose- when cilia get cold they dont work as well
-sinus headache-when exit is blocked by pressure changes in sinus
-nose bleeds-highly vascualar mucosa
-poor sleep-deviated septum can cause breathing problems

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7
Q

Describe the location of the pharynx

A

-back of nasal cavity
-down back of mouth
-past larynx entrance
-then becomes the osophagus

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8
Q

Describe the location of the nasopharynx

A

-auditory eustachian tubes connects middle ear
-purpose to balance air pressure either side of the tympanic membrane/ear drum

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9
Q

Name some functions of the pharynx

A

-passage for food,air,fluids
-warms and humidifies air
-hearing-protects middle ear from pressure changes
-protection-dense with lymphoid tissue including adenoids (tonsils)
-speech-resonance created in pharyns

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10
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

-speech centre in the left hemisphere of the brain that controls the vibrations in the vocal chords

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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of the LRT airways-trachea

A

-windpipe
-extends larynx to lungs
-kept open by c-shaped cartilage to support airway
-lined by columnar ciliated epithelium
-goblet cells and mucous glands produce mucus
-cilia stroke mucus up and out of the tracheas to be coughed out or swallowed mucocillary escalator
-warms and humidifies air
-tracheas splits into right and left bronchus

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12
Q

Describe tracheostomy

A

-hole created into trachea through an incision in the neck
-used to treat airway obstruction person can breathe by nose and mouth -speech through speaking valve
-changes usually temporary

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13
Q

Describe a laryngectomy

A

-complete removal of the larynx with redirection of trachea
-used to treat cancer of the larynx-person breathes through stoma
-speech is never normal again
-changes are permanent and irreversible

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the lungs

A

-cone shaped
-right-3 lobes left-2 lobes
-mass of airways and alveoli and connective tissue and nerves and cappilaries all sitting in an elastic matrix of connective tissue
-thoracic cavity
-apex rises above clavicle
-base lies on diaphragm
-costal surface lies against costal cartilage,ribs and intercostals
-hilum is exit

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15
Q

function of pleural fluid

A

-creates surface tension so lungs can expand when ribcage and diaphragm expand
-lubricates expansion and contraction of lungs without lungs getting wet

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16
Q

Where is the visceral pleura and parietal pleura?

A

v-inside edge against lungs
p-outside edge against ribs

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17
Q

What is the main function of each division in the RS?

A

URT-conductiong zone/air passage, dead space, 150ml
Division at bottom of larynx-division at bronchioles
-LRT-gaseous exchange

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18
Q

Describe the airways in the lungs

A

-traches divides into L+R primary bronchus

-each bronchi divides 5/6 times into lobar and segmental bronchi before becoming bronchioles

-terminal bronchioled final division with alveolar ducts and sacs at the end of them

-walls are thinner, muscle and connective tissue disappear until single layer of squamous epithelium in ducts and sacs

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19
Q

Describe bronchiole structure

A

narrower air tubes in which cartilage is replaced with spirals of smooth muscle
-site of bronchoconstriction

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20
Q

Describe the structure of alveoli

A

-single layer of squamous epithelium
-supported by loose,elactic,connectibe tissue fibroblasts containing:

macrophages,fibroblasts,nerves,blood vessels,lymph vessels

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21
Q

Define respiratory membrane

A

fused wall of alveoli and cappilary wall

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22
Q

Describe the role of alveoli in regards to its surfactant function

A

-decreases surface tension of fluid-lungs inflate easier
-prevents alveoli from collapsing
-pre term babies have not developed siffiecent surfactant-resp support

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23
Q

What’s boyles law?

A

pressure is inversley proportional to volume
-air flows down pressure gradient

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24
Q

What does Boyle’s law help us to understand?

A

-action of muscles
-changes in intrapleural pressure
-changes in intrapulmonary pressure
-flow of air down pressure gradient

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25
Q

Describe the events that occur during relaxed inspiration

A

1- diaphragm and external intercostasl contract
2-rib cage rises and sternum flares,diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
3-lungs volume increases
4-intrapulmonary pressure drops
5-air flow into lungs down pressure gradient

26
Q

Describe the events that occur during relaxed exhalation

A

1-inspiratory muscles relax,diaphragm moves superiorly, rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages
2-thoracic cavity volume decreases
3-elastic recoil of lungs,intrapulmonary volume decreases
4-intrapulmonary pressure rises
5-air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient

27
Q

State wether relaxed inspiration and exhalation is passive or active

A

I-active
E-passive

28
Q

Describe elasticity shrink

A

-lungs ability to return to normal shape after inspiration due to connective tissue
-loss of connective tissue results in disease
-loss of connective tissue results in forced expiration which requires energy

29
Q

Describe compliance stretch

A

-effort required to inflate alveoli
-healthy lungs are very compliant
-compliance reduces when surfactant is insufficent

30
Q

Describe airway resistance

A

-more resistance=more effort to inhale and exhale
-airway obstruction-physical or physiological
-conditions that require forced breathing use accessory muscles

31
Q

describe quiet breathing

A

-not thoracic breathing
-using the diaphragm

-as diaphragm moves up and down the abdomen moves in and out
-as intercostals conctract rib cages move up and out

32
Q

Whats the average adult RR?

A

12-20 resps per min

33
Q

What’s the avergae infant RR?

A

30-55 resps per min

34
Q

Describe the different cavities of the lungs

A

-functional residual capacity
-inspiratory capacity
-vital capacity
-total lung capacity

35
Q

What parts make up the functional residual capacity?

A

-2400ml
residual volume-1200
expiratory reserve volume-1200

36
Q

What parts make up the inspiratory capacity?

A

-3600ml
-inspiratory reserve volume-3100ml
-tidal volume-500ml

37
Q

What parts make up the vital capacity?

A

-4800ml
-inspiratory reserve volume-3100ml
-tidal volume-500ml
-expiratory volume-1200ml

38
Q

define tidal volume (TV)

A

volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting condtions

39
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

40
Q

Describe Expiratory reseve volume (ERV)

A

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

41
Q

Define Residual vilume (RV)

A

-volume of air emaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

42
Q

What’s Dalton’s law?

A

in a mix of non reacting gases, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mix

43
Q

What’s the equation for daltons law?

A

p total+PN2+PO2+PCO2

44
Q

What detects the PO2 +PCO2 change in arterial blood?

A

receptors in the aorta, cartoid artery and chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata

45
Q

Describe the events of gas exchange in alveoli

A

1-arterial blood arrives (low O2, high CO2

2-alveoli after inspiration
(high O2,Low CO2)

3-gases diffuse down gradient
(O2 moves into cappilaries and CO2 moves out of cappilaries

4-venous blood leaves
(high O2, Low CO2)

46
Q

Describe gas exchange in tissues

A

1-conc gradient is the other way around to that in alveoli

2-O2 moves from high conc in blood to low conc in tissue

3-CO2 moves from high conc in tissues to low conc in blood

47
Q

What 2 things is respiration dependent on?

A

-ventilation
-perfusion

48
Q

Whats perfusion?

A

blood surrounding alveoli in cappilaries

49
Q

describe local autoregulation of blood vessels

A

-poor ventilation,low alveolar PO2- blood vessels constrict to redirect blood

-good ventilation,high alveolar PO2- blood vessels dilate to accept more blood

50
Q

Describe local autoregulation of bronchioles

A

-good ventialation,low alveolar PCO2-bronchioles constrict redirecting airflow

-poor ventilation, high alveolar PCO2- bronchioles dilate to accept more air

51
Q

Describe the Bohr effect with regards tot hte property of HB

A

-rise in PCO2
-Increase in H+ ions and lower PH
-results in release of O2 from HB
-helps use venous reserve of O2
-HB carries 4 O2 molecules
-2 Leave easily , other two need a stronger drive

52
Q

Describe the haldane effect

A

-oxygenation of blood in lungs displaces CO2 bound to HB
-HB carries more CO2 in deoxygenated blood than in oxygenated blood

53
Q

give an overview of oxygen transport in the blood

A

1.5% dissolved in plasma
98.5% attaches to HB molecules inside RBC
HB+O2 =oxyhaemoglobin

54
Q

Give an overview of CO2 transport in blood

A

7% dissolves in plasma
70% transported as bicarbonate ion
HCO3 has a negative charge and a role in buffering blood PH
23% attached to HB in RBC-carbaminohaemoglobin

55
Q

List the solubility of the gases in blood

A

most soluble-least
CO2
O2
N2

56
Q

describe pulmonary ventilation

A

-automatic mechanical process ​

-Purpose is to refresh air in alveoli​

-At rest: Inhalation 2 seconds, exhalation 3 seconds, pause​

-Movement of air is due to changes in volume which causes changes pressure

57
Q

Describe systemic respiration

A

ventilation of the lungs

58
Q

Describe tissue respiration

A

gas exchange between air/blood and blood/tissue fluid

59
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A

use oxygen in cellular metabolism

60
Q

List the order of air flow from the nose to pulmonary alveoli

A

nostril
nasal cavity
choanae
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchus
secondary bronchus
tertiary bronchus
bronchiole
terminal bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole
alveolar duct
alveoli

61
Q

Whats the function of the hard and soft pallate?

A

seperate nasal and oral cavities and allow breathing whilst there is food in the mouth

Foundations of Healthcare Science (30 decks)

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