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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general role of hormones?

A

-chemical messengers of the body
-act on specific target cells

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2
Q

Describe the means of control and speed of response of the nervous system

A

-electrochemical impulses delivered to muscles and glands via neurons
-milliseconds

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3
Q

Describe the means of control and speed of response of the endocrine system

A

hormones transported via bloodstream to most cells of the body
-seconds to days

endocrine glands produce hormones- tissue fluid- bloodstream

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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of the hypothalamus

A

-sits between the cerebellum and brainstem
-houses the pituatary gland and hypothalamus

regulates:
-temp
-fluid growth
-pain and pleasure response
-hunger and thirst

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5
Q

What are some of the hypothalamus hormones?

A

-corticotropin-releasing
-thyrotropin-releasing
-growth hormone-releasing
-gonadotropin-releasing
-somatonstatin-inhibts GH and TSH

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and what is it divided into?

A

beneath the hypothalamus
divided into:
-anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine system

A

NS- initates response rapidy
ES-initiates response slowly
NS-short duration
ES-long duration
NS-acts via AP and neurotransmitters
ES-acts at diffuse locations
NS-neurotransmitters act over a short distance
ES-hormones act over long distance

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8
Q

Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituatary gland

A

-at the hypoothalamus neurons sythesizing trophic hormones release them into cappilaries of the portal system

-portal vessels carry the trophic hormones directly to the anterior pituatary

-Endocrine cells releases their hormomes into second set of capilaries for distribution to the rest of the body

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9
Q

Describe the function of the anterior pituitary homones

A

-growth hormone-promotes growth of bone and muscle
-prolactin-stimulates lactation
-stimulating tropic hormones

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10
Q

List the stimulating trophic hormones

A

TSH- thyroid hormone
FSH-gamete
LH-sex hormone
ACTH-steroid hormones cortisol

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11
Q

Describe the role of the posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH-acts on kidneys, reduces urine output
Oxytocin-acts on uterus/breasts, uterine contractions, milk release

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12
Q

What is the role of the hormones in the kidneys?

A

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-stimulates calcium absorption from the intestines
Renin-activates the RAS system
Erythropoietin-increases RBC production

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13
Q

Describe the roles of the hormones in the testes

A

androgens,testosterone-secondary sexual characteristics, sperm production

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14
Q

Whats the role of the hormones in the thymus?

A

releases thymosin and thymopoietin
-affects maturation of T lymphocytes

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15
Q

Describe the role of pineal

A

-secretes melatonin
role in sleep/wake cycle, body temp, ageing and fertility

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16
Q

Describe the function of the thyroid gland

A

-produces thyroid hormones and calcitonin
-takes up iodine from blood
Thyroid hormone, increases metabolic rate, heat production and regulates metabolism
calcitonon-loweres blood Ca2+

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17
Q

Describe the role of the follicular cells in the thyroid

A

-excretion of triiodothyronine T3 and thyroxine T4

-increases basal metabolic rate, increases heat production, regulates metabolism of nutrients

18
Q

Describe the role of thyroid c cells

A

calcitonin
lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels

19
Q

Whats the role of the parathyroid glands?

A

-in thyroid gland
-secretes parathyroid hormone
-PTH increases blood calcium levels

20
Q

Give some examples of steroid hormones produced by adrenal glands

A

glucocorticoids
aldosterone

21
Q

list the zones of the adrenal gland and the hormones they produce

A

-zona glomerulosa-aldosterone
-zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids
-zona reticularis-adrenal sex hormone

22
Q

Whats the role of mineralocorticoids?

A

aldosterone, affects Na absorption, loss of K by kidney

23
Q

whats the role of glucocorticoids?

A

affects metabolism, regulates blood sugar levels,affects growth, anti inflammatory action, decreases the effects of stress

24
Q

Describe the role of the adrenal androgens

A

-dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione

converted to testosterone in periphery

25
Q

Describe the function of the adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

-neurotransmitter for Sympathetic system

26
Q

Describe the action of cortisol

A

-regulates metabolism and stress response
-raises blood glucose
-breakdown of fat anf protein
-anti inflammatory actions
-immune suppresion

27
Q

Describe the role of aldosterone

A

-maintains salt/water balance
-acts on kidnyes to retain water
regulates blood volume and BP

28
Q

describe the plasma membrane receptor second messenger system

A

-amino acid based hormones

1-hormone binds to receptor
2-receptor activates G protein
3-G protein activates adenylate cyclase, G protein becomes inactive again
4-Adenyate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
5-Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase-phosphorylation activates some of these proteins and inhibts others.

29
Q

Describe the process involved in direct gene activation of lipid soluble hormones

A

1-steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and bind to inracellular response
2- the receptor hormone complex enters the nuclei
3-the receptor hormomes complex binds a specific DNA region
4-binding initates transciption of the gene mRNA
5-the mRNA directs protein synthesis

30
Q

What are the three types of simuli causing hormone release?

A

-humoral
-neural
-hormonal

31
Q

Descibe the hormonal stimulus and response

A

-hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions and nutrients

stimulus-low conc of ca2_ in the blood
response-parathyroid glands screte parathyroid hormones which increase blood ca2+

32
Q

Decribe the neural stimulus and response

A

-hormone release caused by neural input

stimulius-action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibres to adrenal muscles

response-adrenal medulla cells secrete epinephrine and noraepinephrine

33
Q

Describe the hormonal stimulus and response

A

-hormone release caused by another hormone (trpic hormone)

stimulus-hormones from hypothalamus
response-anterior pituatary gland secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

34
Q

describe up regulation and down regulation

A

up-low levels of a hormone can cause its target cells to form additional receptos for that hormone

down- exposure to high hormone conc can decrease the number of receptors for that hormone

35
Q

Define permissivness

A

the situation in which one hormone can not exert its full effects without another hormones being present

36
Q

Define synergism

A

wwhen more than one hormone produces the same effects at the targer cells and their combined effects are amplified

37
Q

Describe antagonism

A

when one hormone opposes the action of another

eg- insulin is antagonised by glucagon

38
Q

Describe the syntheis of thyroid hormone process

A

1-thyroglobulin is synthezied and discharged into follicule lumen
2-iodide is trapped
3-iodide is oxidised to iodine
4-iodine is attached to tyrosine
5-iodinated tyrosines and linked together to form T2 and T4
6-thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed
7-lysosomal enzymes split T4 and T2 from thyroglobulin and the hormones diffuse from the follicular cell into the bloodstream

39
Q

define glycogenesis

A

the process of excess glucose being converted to glucose to higher than normal, occurs in the liver

40
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

the hydrolyisis of glycogen back to glucose in the liver. Occurs when blood glucose levels are lower than normal

41
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

the process of creating glucose form non carbohydrate stores in the liver. This occurs if all the glycogen has been hydrolysed into glucose and your body still needs glucose.

Foundations of Healthcare Science (23 decks)

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