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Foundations of Healthcare Science > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is digestion?

A

breakdown of food to a useful form that can be absorbed and used by cells

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2
Q

Whta can the products of digestion be used for?

A

creation of energy-cellular respiration, catabolism-production of ATP

repair/building-production of building blocks-anabolism

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3
Q

What are two main parts in the digestive system?

A

-alimentary canal
-accessory organs

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4
Q

List the key steps in the digestive system

A

1-ingestiong
2-propulsion
3-digestion (Mechanical,chemical)
4-absorption
5-defecation

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5
Q

Name the main components of saliva

A

-water -99%
-amylase
-lingual lipase
-antibodies
-lysozyme
-defensins
-friendly bacteria

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6
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract wall?

A

-serosa
-muscularis
-submucosa
-mucosa

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7
Q

Describe the mucosa layer of the GI tract

A

-mucous membrane-protects,secretes,absorbs

-lamina propria-blood vessels,lymphoid tissue

-Muscularis mucosa-provides infoldings

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8
Q

Describe the muscular layer of the GI tract

A

-2 layers of smooth muscle-circular and longitudinal

-provides peristalsis and mixing

-onward movement regulated by sphincters

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9
Q

What empties secretions into the GI tract?

A

-salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver and biliary tract

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10
Q

Describe the submucosa layer of the GI tract

A

-loose connective tissue
-blood vessels
-nerves
-lymph vessels
-lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

Describe the adventitia/serosa layer of the GI tract

A

-outermost layer
-in abdomen= peritoneum barrier to spread of infection
-anchors GI tract

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12
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

the automatic wave-like movement of the muscles that line your GI tract

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13
Q

What is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus?

A

-motor
-sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

What is the submucosal (meissner’s) plexus?

A

-secretmotor
-parasympathetic only

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15
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

-conveys food oropharynx-> stomach
-mucosa subject to friction
-thick projective stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the oesophagus and how it links to its function

A

passage of food facilitated by:
-flattening of mucosal folds
-loose and elastic submucosa
-mucous glands

muscularis externa
-upper 1/3 skeletal system-initiation of voluntary swallowing
-lower 2/3 smooth muscle only-peristalsis

17
Q

Describe the structure and function of the stomach

A

-stores food
-mechanical, chemical brakdown
-extra layer in muscularis/oblique muscle
-highly secretory mucosa-HCl,pepsin,mucus

18
Q

What kind of cells are in the stomach lining?

A

-simple columnar epithelial cells-all mucous gland cells

19
Q

Describe the glands and cells of the stomach in the gastric pit

A

1-surface mucous cell
2-mucous neck cells-simple columnar, secrete acidic mucus

20
Q

Describe the glands and cells of the stomach in the gastric gland

A

3-parietal cells-secrete HCl and intristic factor
4-chief cells-secrete pepsinogen,lipases

G cells-secrete gastrin

21
Q

Whata re the 3 main components of the SI?

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

22
Q

Whats the overal function of the SI ?

A

-glands secrete intestinal juice
-completes chemical digestion
-absorption of nutrients

23
Q

Name the cells in the SI and their function

A

-absorptive cells
-goblet cells-mucus
-intestinal crypt-crypt of lieberkuhn
-paneth cells-defensins lysozyme
-secretory cells-intestinal juice
-entero-endocrine cells-secrete cholecytokinin

24
Q

Give some specialisations of the duodenum

A

-brunners gland

-secrete alkaline mucus
-neutralize chyme
-protect mucosa

-cholecystokinin production

25
Q

Name some specialisations of the jejunum

A

-2nd section of SI
-main absorptive region
-glucose,vitamins,AA,fats
-very few brunners glands
-PH neutral to alkaline
-mucosal folds
-longest villi

26
Q

Name some specialisations of the ileum

A

-distal part of SI
-peyers patches in lamina propria
-huge domes of lymphoid tissues

27
Q

How is intestinal secretion controlled?

A

-stimulus for production-prescence of chyme in intestine
-secretin-stimulates liver cells to release bile and pancreatic secretion
-CCK-stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic contraction
-1-2L intestinal juice

28
Q

describe segmentation in the digestive system

A

non- adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food forward then backward. food mixing and slow propulsion occur

29
Q

Name some main structures of the colon

A

-epiplotic appendage (fat filled pouch)
-teniae coli-bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
-haustra-pocket like sacs

30
Q

Describe the internal structures of the colon

A

-thick mucosa-simple columnar epithelium
-many crypts-absorptive and goblet cells
-no circular folds
-no villi
-polypeptide YY-inhibits motility

31
Q

Describe the bacteria flora in the colon

A

-10mil types
-synthesize vtamins B and K
-metabolize molecules-heparin and mucin
-ferment indigestible carbs-produce 500ml flatus daily

32
Q

Name some main structures of the retum and anal canal

A

-anal canal-stratified squamous epithelium
-anal column
-external anal sphincter-voluntary
-rectal valve
-anal sinus-release mucus when compressed
-internal anal sphincter-involuntary

33
Q

describe the defecation reflex

A

1-impulses from cerebral cortex-conscious control
2-voluntary motor nerve to external anal sphincter
3-external anal sphincter-skeletal muscles

stretch receptors in walls, sensory nerve fibres, internal anal sphincter-smooth muscle

34
Q

Name the alimentary canal organs

A

-mouth
-pharynx (throat),
-esophagus,
- stomach,
- small intestine,
- large intestine,
- rectum, and anus.

35
Q

Name the accessory organs

A

-teeth,
-tongue,
-glandular organs such as:
-salivary glands,
-liver,
-gallbladder,
-pancreas

36
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

stimulates chief cells

37
Q

What does CCK stimulate?

A

gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion

Foundations of Healthcare Science (30 decks)

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