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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Biochemistry 2 > Flashcards

Biochemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

series of metabolic reactions that convert stored energy in nutrinets into usuable energy for biological proccesses

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2
Q

give some main points of glycolysis

A

-anaerobic
-short term energy system
-substrate= glucose
-ineffcient-low yield of ATP

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3
Q

Give some main points of the oxidative system

A

-aerobic
-long-term energy system
-substrate= glucose, fats
-highly efficient-high yield of ATP

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4
Q

list the steps for the metabolism of fatty acids

A

-lipase
-beta oxidation spiral
-krebs cycle
-ETC

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5
Q

What is the absorptive state ?

A

in the fed state- following digestion when nutrients are being absorbed into the blood stream

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6
Q

whats the difference between anabolism vs catabolism?

A

A-storing
C-breaking down

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7
Q

How long does a meal typically take to digest?

A

4 hours to completly digest and absorb

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8
Q

whats the key hormone in the absorptive state?

A

insulin

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9
Q

describe the absorptive state at rest

A

-free glucose used to produce ATP via oxidative pathways

-lipids used for synthesis
-AA for protein synthesis
-excess blood glucose stored as glycogen

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10
Q

What happens to excess FAs and AAs and glucose once glycogen stores are full?

A

converted and stored as fat- adipose and triglycerides via lipogenesis

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11
Q

Define post absorptive state

A

in the fasting state-following absorption- when nutrients have been stored and or are being used for biological proccesses in the body

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12
Q

describe the post absorptive state at rest

A

-glycogenolysis
-lipolysis
-once glycogen stores are depleted alternate substrates can be used to produce glucose-gluconeogenesis

-free glucose used to produce ATP via oxidative pathways
-FA oxidation occurs

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13
Q

What is the key hormone in the post absorptive state?

A

glucagon

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14
Q

define muscle glyocgen and liver glycogen

A

MG-on site source of glucose for contracting muscles

LG-systemic control-maintains blood glucose

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15
Q

Describe glycogenesis

A

-glucose molecules are linked together in long chains forming glycogen

anabolic pathway requiring ATP

absorptive state

influenced by insulin

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16
Q

describe glycogenolysis

A

-glycogen splitting
-post absorptive state
-in muscles and other cells glucose is trapped inside as glucose-6-phosphate
-in the liver hepatocytes contain the enzyme needed to remove phosphate-releases free glucose

influenced by glucagon,epinephrine,cortisol

17
Q

Name the other non-CHO sources that create new glucose

A

lactic acid-by product of anaerobic glycolysis

glycerol from lipolysis or digestion of dietary fats and oils

AA from dietary protein or body protein stores

18
Q

give a few facts about lipids

A

-most conc energy source
-energy yield from fat much higher than carbs or protein
-50% fat store
-balance of storage

19
Q

Describe lipogenesis-absorptive state

A

multiple pathways where glucose in ingested, FAs and AAs are converted to fat
-influenced by the presence of insulin

20
Q

describe lipolysis-post absorptive state

A

-stored triglycerides in adipose are broken down to glycerol and FAs

FAs- used for energy in most cells- B oxidation, krebs, ETC

glycerol-converted to Pyruvic acid for ATP production, or undergo gluconeogenesis

influenced by glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, thyroid hormones

21
Q

describe protein catabolism

A

-surplus proteins are catabolised for energy or converted to fat

-AA are deaminated

-remainder of molecule is ketoacid

22
Q

Describe ketoacids

A

-may enter krebs cycle and be fully catabolised for energy
-may be converted to glucose
-may be converted to fat

23
Q

Describe hormonal control using anabolic hormones

A

-insulin
-promotes glucose uptake into cells by binding with insulin receptors on the cell surface
- stimulates GLUT-4
-inhibits glycogenolysis
-promotes glucose conversion to triglycerides-lipogenesis
-promotes protein synthesis

24
Q

What are two key functions of insulin?

A

promotes glycogenesis and at the same time inhibits glycogenolysis

promotes lipogenesis and protein synthesis

25
Q

WHere are glut 4 transporters found?

A

adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle

26
Q

Where are glut 3 transporters found?

A

neurons and placental tissues

27
Q

Where are glut 2 transporters found?

A

liver and pancreas

28
Q

Where are glut 1 transporters found?

A

brain/ brain-blood barrier
placenta
erythrocytes

29
Q

Whats the major difference in these glut transporters?

A

glut-4 is insulin dependent
glut 2 and 1 are NOT insulin dependent

30
Q

Describe hormonal control using catabolic hormones

A

-glucagon
-promotes glycogenolysis
-inhibits glycogenesis
-promotes lipolysis
-promotes protein catabolism

31
Q

Functions of glucagon

A

-promotes glycogenolysis
-inhibits glycogenesis
-promotes lipolysis
-promotes protein catabolism

32
Q

Name some catabolic hormones

A

-epinephrine
-cortisol
-thyroid hormone

33
Q

Describe the effects of epinephrine

A

-released in response to stress and excersise

-increases glycogenolysis, lipolysis

34
Q

Describe the effects of cortisol

A

-released in response to long term stress and prolonged excersise

-increases gluconeogenesis,protein catabolism,lipolysis

35
Q

Describe the effect of thyroid hormones

A

-changes in response to excersise

-increases lipolysis and enhances B-oxidation
-increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

36
Q

Whats the overall metabolic effect of catabolic hormones?

A

raises blood glucose, increases availability and use fo FAs by tissues, glucose conserved for brain and RBCs

37
Q

What happens if you have low insulin levels?

A

-reduced glucose uptake-increased use of fats for energy
-no glycogen storgae-reduced glycogenesis
-reduced protein synthesis
-increased hepatic glucoe release

38
Q

What happens if you have elevated levels of glucagon or cortisol?

A

-increased lipolysis
-increased AA catabolism and gluconeogenesis
-start to break down body proteins

Foundations of Healthcare Science (30 decks)

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