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Foundations of Healthcare Science > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define nutrients

A

compounds in foods essential to life and halth, providing us with energy, the building blocks for repair and growth and substances necessary to regulate chemical processes

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2
Q

What are macro and micro nutrients?

A

macro-large,complex needed in larger quantities- units grams

micro-small, needed in small quantities-units milligrams or micrograms

both needed for normal metabolic function,growth and development

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3
Q

Name 3 macronutrients

A

-carbohydrates
-protein
-fat

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4
Q

what 2 groups are carbs divided into?

A

-simple/free sugars (jam,honey)
-complex/starchy (bread,rice, potato)

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5
Q

Describe how carbs are broken down

A

1-broken down into glucose before being absorbed into the blood
2-glucose enters body cells with the help of insulin
3-complex carbs break down more slowly and release glucose into the blood slower than sugary foods

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6
Q

What happens to unused glucose?

A

can be converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscles. When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is converted to fat for long-term storage

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7
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that cant be made by the body so must be obtained in our diet

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8
Q

List some bodily functions of proteins

A

-structural

-enzymes( lactase, alcohol dehydrogenase

hormones(insulin,leptin,ghrelin)

immunity(antibodies,cytokines

storage-ferritin

carriers-haemoglobin

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9
Q

whats the structure of lipids?

A

3 fatty acids
-glycerol

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10
Q

Name some saturated fats

A

-oil,cheese,butter
-solid at room temp

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11
Q

Name some monounsaturated fats

A

-nuts,avacado,peanut butter
-liquid at room temperature

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11
Q

Name some polyunsaturated fats

A

-sunflower seeds,oily fish,flax oil
-liquid at room temp

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11
Q

What are some bodily functions of fats?

A

-richest energy source
-carrier of fat-soluble vitamins and necessary for their absorption and storage
-incorporated into phospholipids in cells membranes-cell signaling

some fatty acids are converted into prostaglandins and other active compounds known as eicosanoids that control biochemical reactions inside cells

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12
Q

What are some fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D E, K

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13
Q

What are some water soluble vitamins?

A

B complex
C

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14
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed,stored and excreted?

A

1-absorbed in the intestinal tract with the help of other fats
2-stored in fatty tissues and the liver
3-not excreted-very high intakes may cause toxicity

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15
Q

How do we get vitamin D ?

A

Ultraviolet radiation penertrates into the epidermis and photolyzes provitamin D3 to previtamin D3- converted by the body into vitamin D

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16
Q

Where is Vitamin A (retinol, beta carotene) found?

A

-red/orange fruit and veg- carotenoids
-dark green veg, dairy products,liver

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17
Q

What is Vitamin A needed for?

A

maintenance of epithelial tissues, mucus membranes, visual pigments in the eyes, bone development, immune function

deficency may lead to night blindness

18
Q

Where is Vitamin D found?

A

dairy products, liver and fish oils, synthesised by the body using sunlight

19
Q

What is vitamin D needed for?

A

-increased calcium absorption in the gut, promotes growth and mineralisation of bone

deficency leads to - weak bones, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

20
Q

Where is vitamin E- tocopherol found?

A

meat,veg,veg oils

21
Q

What is vitamin E needed for?

A

-figths free radicals-antioxidants, protects cell membranes

Deficency leads to -nerve and muscle damage, vision problems, poor immunity

22
Q

Where is vitamin K/menadione found?

A

widespread part of green leafy veg, instestinal production

23
Q

What is vitamin K needed for?

A

-forms blood clotting factors/prothrombin, bones

-deficency may lead to bleeding adn internal haemorrage

24
Q

How are water msoluble vitamins absorbed,stored and excreted?

A

1-absorbed in the intestinal tract
2-body cant store
3-excreted in urine

25
Q

Describe the function of B1- Thiamine

A

-energy metabolims-promotes CHO metabolism

-promoted nervous sytem function

found in whole grains, cereals,legumes,potatos,pork

26
Q

Describe the function of B2/ riboflavin

A

-energy metabolism-formd coenxyme with FAD
-promotes CHO and fat oxidation- maintains healthy skin

Deficency-dairy,banannas,meat,eggs, leafy green veg,beans

27
Q

Describe the function of vitamin B3-Niacin

A

-energy metabolism-forms coenzyme (NAD)
-promotes CHO and fat oxidation-maintains healthy skin
Deficency-pellagra
Found in-meat,poultry fish.lentils, nuts

28
Q

Describe the function of B6-pyridoxine

A

-AA metabolism-promotes PRO metabolism, helps form haemoglobin and RBC

-deficency-microcytic anaemia

Found in-meat,liver,bannanas,potatoes,dairy,fish,whole grain

29
Q

Describe the function of folate, folacin, folic acid

A

-coenzyme for DNA and RNA- increased requirement with rapid cell multiplication,promotes haemoglobin, RBC and WBC formation, pregnancy

found in-meat,liver, leafy green veg,potatoes,nut,fruit

30
Q

Describe the function of B12/cobalamin

A

-coenzymes for DNA/RNA, promotes haemoglobin, RBC and WBC formation, maintains nerve gut and skin tissue

found in- meat,fish,eggs, dairy, fortified cereal

31
Q

Where do you find vitamin C/ abcorbic acid?

A

citrus fruits, leafy green veg, broccoli,kiwi, strawberries

32
Q

What is ascorbic acid needed for?

A

-collagen synthesis, mitochondrial energy metabolism, intracellular iron absorption, immune cell proliferation, catecholamine and steroid synthesis

deficency-scurvy

33
Q

What 2 groups are micronutrients split into?

A

macrominerals-calcium,phosphorous,magensium,sodium,potassium

Microminerals-iron,zinc,iodine,selenium and copper

34
Q

What is the function of Ca2+?

A

-stored in bones and teeth-supports their structure and hardness

-needed for muscle contraction and for nerves to carry messages between brain and muscles

35
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

-needed for blood production- 70% iron held in haemoglobin and myoglobin

-component of enzymes involved in collogen synthesis and some neurotransmitters

36
Q

What is iodine needed for?

A

synthesis of thyroid hormones

37
Q

Define dietary referene values-DRVs

A

a series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people in the UK population

38
Q

Define reference nutrient intakes-RNIs

A

the amount that meets the needs of nearly all the population

39
Q

What does nutrient requirement depend on?

A

-Age
-gender
-activity level
-health status
-weight

40
Q

Describe the average inrake in terms of DRV and RNI

A

DRV
carbs-50% of daily energy intake
protein-0.6g/kg
fat-not more than 35% if daily energy intake

RNI
protein-0.75g/kg

41
Q

define malnutrition

A

a state of nutrition in which a deficency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form adn function and clinical outcome

-refers to undernutriton and overnutrition

42
Q

whats overnutrition?

A

intake of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth,development and metabolism

43
Q

define undernutrition

A

a deficency of energy,protein and other nutrients that causes adverse effects on the body, the way it functions and clinical outcomes

44
Q

What groups are at high risk of malnutrition?

A

-Chronic disease
-acute illness
-those who are housebound or have difficulties obtaining and preparing food
-older adults-over 65

45
Q

Name some consequences of malnutrition

A

-increased fall risk
-imparied immune response
-reduced muscle strength and frailty

Foundations of Healthcare Science (30 decks)

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