The Muscular System Flashcards
what is the structure of skeletal muscle?
striated
multinucleated
usually attached to bone
Function of skeletal muscle
-voluntary movements
-locomotion
-facial expression
structure of cardiac muscle
-striated
-single nucleus
-branched
-intercalated disks
function of cardiac muscle
involuntary
-as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation
structure of smooth muscle
-non striated
-single nucleus
-spindle shaped cells
-cells arrranged closely to form sheets
-central nuclei
Function of smooth muscle
-involuntary
-propels substances or objects along internal passage ways
List some functions of muscles
-movement-skeletal muscles
-posture-holding the body in position
-regulating organ volume-use of smooth sphincter muscles
-moving substances in the body-smooth muscle, blood vessels
-heat production-by product of energy
list some characteristics of muscles
-excitability
-contractility
-extensibility
-elasticity
define excitability (irritability) when reffering to the muscles
ability to respond to a stimulus
define contractility when reffering to muscles
ability to contract when stimulated
define extensibility when reffering to the muscles
ability to be stretched or extended
define elasticity when reffering to muscles
ability to return to original length after stretching
What is meant by the origin of the muscle?
One end of the muscle is attached to a structure usually the bone that remains stationary.
Defin what is meant by the insertion of a muscle
the opposite end of the muscle that is moved by the contraction is known as the insertion.
What type of tissue are tendons and ligaments made from?
-connective tissues
Define tendon
attach muscle to bone
Define gaster or belly
the fleshy/meaty portion of the muscle that contracts
define antagonistic pair
stretches and yields to the action of the agonist (opposing pairs)
Define agonist
also known as prime mover -contracts to cause an action
define synergist
contract to stabilise intermediate joints
define fixator
stabilise the origin of the agonist
List features of the skeletal muscle
-bone
-tendon
-epimysium
-perimysium
-fascicle
-blood vessels
-endomysium
-myofibrils
what are bundles of muscle fibres called?
Fascicles
what does the epimysium surround?
surrounds the whole muscle
What does the perimysium surround?
fascicles
What does endomysium surround?
individual muscle fibres
What makes muscles appear striated?
The thin actin and thick myosin overlapping
what are the products of coupled reaction of creatine phosphate and ADP?
1 ATP per CP
creatine
what are two stages of anaerobic respiration?
-glycolyisis
-latic acid formation
What physiological changes take place during excersie?
-increase in CO2 and lactic acid, Ph becomes more acid
-increase in muscle movement and increase in respiration
-increased return of blood to the heart
during excersie which receptors detect the physiological changes?
-chemoreceptors detect CO2 and PH
-proprioreceptors detect increased muscle movement
-baroreceptors detect increase blood return to the heart
During excersise what are the outcomes of the physiological changes?
-increase in ventilation and cardiac output
Q= HR x SV
other changes such as vasodilation, vasoconstriction ect…
list the energy sources during short duration excersie.
-ATP stored in muscle is used first
-ATP is formed from creatine phosphate and ADP
-Glycogen stored in muscle is broken down glucose which is oxsidised to generate ATP.
