Loss and Coping Flashcards
define loss
the abscence of something, actual or percieved that was valued
define grief
an involuntary, but normal, emotional response to loss
Define mourning
outward expression of the grief, an active process to progress towards accomodation
Define bereavement
a period of sadness after the loss
Define coping
cognitions and behaviours to manage demands felt to be difficult or intolerable to the person
give some examples of loss
-a loved one
-home
-fertility
-limbs
-function
-future plans
-sense of self
-speech
What are the theories of loss?
-freud-1917
-lindermann -1944
-kebler ross-1969
-bowlby-1969
-silvermann and klass-1996
-stroebe and schut-1999
Describe freuds theory of loss
-mourning and melacholia
-reaction to loss
hyper remembering, comparing memories with reality
describe lindermanns theory of loss
-psychosomatic perspective on dealing with acute grief
-data from bereaved family members from the cocoanut grove fire
-capture symptomatology of grief:
-somatic distress
-preoccupation of images of the deceased
-hostile reactions
-loss of pattern of conduct
-adopting traits of the deceased
-guilt
Describe grief work from lindermann
1) emancipation from bondage to the deceased
2)readjustment to a new environment in which the deceased is missing
3)formation of new relationships
Describe kubler ross stages of grief
denial,anger,bargaining,depression,acceptance
-made based on participants dealing with terminal conditions not loss
-probelm with this theory is that only 10% of people experiencing a loss actually go through these stages in this order
Describe bowlbys attachment and loss theory
-attachment”lasting physchological connectedness between human beings
-grief is the normal affective response when the affectional bond breaks
-based of a study between children and care givers
What are the 4 stages of bowlbys attachment and loss theory?
1)shock and numbness
2)yearning and searching
3)despair and disorganization
4)reorganisation and recovery
What are the problems with the stage/ task driven models of loss and grieving?
-not a linear process
-stages might repeat
-one size does not fit all- grief is as unique as your fingerprint (kessler)
-assumptions that there is one desired outcome and that decathexis is central to the process
-importance of finding meaning-kessler 2020, a sixth stage of grief moving forward in a way thst honours loved ones
Describe Klass silverman and nickmans continuing bonds theory
-challenging the belief that holding on is pathological
-continuing the bond can be normal, adaptive and comforting
-constructing new relationships
Describe stroebe and schuts dual process model
-oscillation between loss orientation and attending to life changes-restoration orientation
-dynamic process
-loss and emotions are revisited
-recognises the importance of finding meaning
-each individual is unique in his/her loss reaction
-takes account the effect of cultural and religious beliefs
two phases- loss orientated,
restoration oriented
what triggers cognitive appraisals?
stressful situations
What is coping?
a dynamic process by which people try to manage the percieved discepancy between demands and recources- lazarus and folkman 1984
What is stage 2 of leventhals self regulatory model of illlness behaviour
evaluation of the significance of what is happening
What are the stages in the transactional model of stress and coping- lazarus and folkman 1984?
-stressor
-appraisal
-coping resources
-coping responses
-long term outcomes
-short term outcomes
describe the coping with diagnosis-shontz 1975
shock (autopilot,detachment)
encounter (disorganized thinking, despair, overwhelm)
retreat (avoidance,denial)
what are the three main points of coping stratgies?
-appraisal focused coping
-problem coping
-emotion focused
list some appraisal focused coping strategies
-logical analysis and mental preperation
-cognitive redefinition
-cognitive avoidance or denial
List some problem focused coping strategies
-info gathering
-problem solving
-identifying rewards
List some emotion focused coping strategies
-regulation of emotions
-emotional discharge/venting
-resigned acceptance
What things effect coping strategies?
-personal factors
-social/environmental
-illness related
describe miller 1980 monitoring vs blunnting coping strategies
monitoring
-info seeking, adaptive if percieved as controllable
blunting
-info avoiding, shields the individual from an increase in arousal, useful in uncontrollable situations
role of personality-stable individual differences in inclination to employ a monitoring or blunting style
what are 3 strategies that work well?
-denial or fighting spirit
-active vs passive coping
-acceptance of change and readjustment
what is denial or fighting spirit?
more positive outcomes compared with stoic acceptance and helplessness
what are some examples of talking therapies?
-CBT
-problem-solving therapy
-psychological flexibility
-acceptance and commitment therapy
What are 6 steps for psychological flexibility?
-acceptance
-cognitive defusion
-contacting the present moment
-self context
-values
-commited action
DO NOT have to be completed in this order
