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Anatomy and physiology > The respiratory system > Flashcards

The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

gaseous exchange between the air and blood

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2
Q

What is internal or tissue respiration?

A

gaseous exchange between blood and the tissues

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3
Q

Where does gaseous exchange take place?

A

the pulmonary membrane within the alveoli

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4
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the inspired air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the expired air

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5
Q

where does carbon dioxide come from?

A

formed by the tissues during metabolism

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6
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A 
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and bronchioles 
Alveoli
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7
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose
pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

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8
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

Alveoli

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9
Q

What is the epidermis at the entrance to the nasal cavity called?

A

The rhinarium

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10
Q

What tissue is the Rhinarium made of?

A

A thick layer of stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the turbinates or conchae?

A

scrolls of bone

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12
Q

What is the name of the rostral part of the turbinates that is visible through the nostril?

A

the alar fold

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13
Q

What is the term for bleeding from the nose?

A

Epistaxis

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14
Q

What is Epistaxis?

A

Haemorrhage originating from the nose

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15
Q

What is the term for the sensory nerve endings that are responsible for smell?

A

The olfactory region

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16
Q

What is the olfactory region?

A

the mucous epithelium covering the turbinates at the back of the nasal chambers that has a right supply of nerve endings that are responsive to smell

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17
Q

What is the function of the turbinates and their ciliated mucous epithelium covering?

A

to warm and moisten the incoming air as it passes over them.

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18
Q

What is the function of the cilia on the turbinates?

A

to help to trap any particles that are present in inspired air and waft them back the the nasal cavity

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19
Q

What is a sinus?

A

an air filled cavity within a bone

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20
Q

What is the name for the sinuses in the respiratory system?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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21
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses situated?

A

within the facial bones of the skull

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22
Q

Where does the frontal sinus lie?

A

within the frontal bone

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23
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus lie?

A

the caudal end of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

What if the maxillary sinus?

A

not a true sinus but a recess in the nasal cavity

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25
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

the lighten the weight of the skull, allowing the areas of the skull used for muscle attachment to be larger.

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26
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The total volume of air in the lungs

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27
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air breathed in or out in one normal breath

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28
Q

Functional residual volume

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after one normal breath

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29
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs

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30
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after forces air expiration

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31
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

The volume of air which does not reach the alveoli (this is equal to the volume of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles)

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32
Q

Respiratory minute volume

A

The volume of gas inhaled or exhale from the lungs per minute.

33
Q

Hering–Breuer reflex

A

A reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung (Pulmonary stretch receptors present in the smooth muscle of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations).

34
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

The events that occur to drive air flow into the lungs; when the diaphragm contracts to expand the thoracic cage and decrease the pressure inside of the chest. The events that occur during one breath; inhalation and exhalation.

35
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

molecules moving from an area of high concentration (of that molecule) to an area of low concentration.

36
Q

How thick are the walls of the alveolar?

A

one cell thick

37
Q

What is the approximate oxygen content of air inhaled?

A

21%

38
Q

What is the approximate carbon dioxide consent of air inhaled?

A

0.04%

39
Q

What is the approximate oxygen content of air exhaled?

A

17%

40
Q

What is the approximate carbon dioxide contend of air exhaled?

A

3%

41
Q

What is the central plate of the nasal cavity known as?

A

Philtrum

42
Q

What separates the nasal cavity?

A

Septum

43
Q

what is the septum made of?

A

Cartilage

44
Q

What organ is responsible for the detection of pheromones?

A

Vomeronasal Organ

45
Q

What is the Vomeronasal Organ?

A

The organ responsible for the detection of pheromones

46
Q

What are the ethmoidal conchae?

A

folds of bone that remove dust and pathogens from air inhaled and warm and moisten it

47
Q

What is the nasopharynx connected to?

A

the caudal nasal cavity

48
Q

What is the oropharynx connected to?

A

the caudal oral cavity

49
Q

Thyroid

A

largest cartilage and forms the floor of the larynx

50
Q

Arytenoid

A

forms the inside of the larynx and supports the vocal cords.

51
Q

Cricoid

A

ring like structure which articulates with the thyroid cartilage and the trachea.

52
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

a box like structure made of cartilage and consists of the epiglottis which is attaches the to tongue and thyroid gland

53
Q

What is the epiglottis attached to?

A

the tongue and thyroid cartilage

54
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

to prevent deglutination (swallowing), vocalisation and regulate floe of gasses into the respiratory tract

55
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

to allow airflow from the larynx to the lungs

56
Q

What does the trachea consist of?

A

c-shaped cartilage connected by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle lines with ciliated epithelium

57
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

ciliated epithelium

58
Q

Where does the trachea pass into the thorax?

A

the thoracic inlet

59
Q

What is the name of the branches that the trachea spits into?

A

Bronchi

60
Q

at what point does the trachea branch into the bronchi?

A

at the level of the heart

61
Q

What happens to the C-shaped rings as they trachea branches into the bronchi?

A

they form complete rings

62
Q

What does the bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchioles

63
Q

what do the Bronchioles end in?

A

the alveolar ducts

64
Q

Where do the lungs lie?

A

in the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum

65
Q

What are the lungs covered with?

A

Pulmonary pleura

66
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Connective tissues in the lungs

67
Q

What do the lungs consist of?

A 
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
blood vessels
parenchyma (connective tissue)
68
Q

What does the left lung consist of?

A

cranial, middle and caudal lobe

69
Q

What does the right lung consist of?

A

cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes

70
Q

What is the guttural pouch

A

They are sacs of air that expand from the Eustachian tube in the horse

71
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

72
Q

What does the Rima glottides do in the horse?

A

prevents materials being inhaled

73
Q

What are the lungs in the avian respiratory system protected by?

A

the notarium

74
Q

What do birds have instead of a diaphragm?

A

9 air sacs

75
Q

What is a birds body cavity referred to as?

A

the coelom

76
Q

What is the Syrinx?

A

voice box of a bird

77
Q

What is the term for a birds voice box?

A

Syrinx

78
Q

Where is the syrinx located?

A

caudal side of the trachea

Anatomy and physiology (29 decks)

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